
Class 


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PRESENTED BY 



FACTS ABOUT 



KANSAS. 



?/6 



A BOOK FOR 



Home-Seekers and Home-Builders. 



Statistics from State and National Reports. 



Farm Lands, Grazing Lands, 
Fruit Lands. 



The Unsurpassed and Limitless Resources of the Great 
Corn and Wheat Producing State^.< of Cq'%^ 



WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OP THE 



GENERAL PASSENGER DEPARTMENT 



MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILWAY. 




A COMPREHENSIVE 

STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF 

THE STATE OF KANSAS, COMPILED 

FROM OFFICIAL REPORTS 



Author, 



Woodward & Tiernan Printing Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
February 18, 1901. 



I 



INTRODUGXION. 



KANSAS. 



BY HON. JOHN J. INQALLS. 



Kansas is the navel of the nation. 

Diagonals drawn from Duluth to Galveston ; from Washington to 
San Francisco; from Tallahasse to Olympia; from Sacramento to 
Augusta, intersect at its center. 

Kansas is the nucleus of our political system, around which its forces 
assemble ; to which its energies converge ; and from which its energies 
radiate to the remotest circumference. 

Kansas is the focus of freedom, where the rays of heat and light 
concentrated into a flame that melted the manacles of the slave, and 
cauterized the heresies of State Sovereignty and disunion. 

Kansas is the core and kernel of the country, containing the germs 
of its growth, and the quickening ideas essential to its perpetuity. 

The history of Kansas is written in capitals. It is punctuated with 
exclamation-points. Its verbs are imperative. Its adjectives are 
superlative. The commonplace and the prosaic are not defined in its 
lexicon. Its statistics can be stated only in the language of hyperbole. 

The aspiration of Kansas is to reach the unattainable ; its dream is 
the realization of the impossible. Alexander wept because there were 
no more worlds to conquer. Kansas, having vanquished all competi- 
tors, smiles complacently as she surpasses from year to year her own 
triumphs in growth and glory. Other States could be spared without 
irreparable bereavement, but Kansas is indispensable to the joy, the 
inspiration, and the improvement of the world. 



4 KANSAS. 

It seems incredible that there was a time when Kansas did not exist ; 
when its name was not written on the map of the United States ; when 
the Kansas cyclone, the Kansas grasshopper, the Kansas boom, and 
the Kansas Utopia were unknown. 

I was a student in the junior class at Williams College, when 
President Pierce, forgotten but for that signature, approved the act 
establishing the Territory of Kansas, May 30, 1854. I recall the 
inconceivable agitation that preceded, accompanied, and followed the 
event. It was an epoch. Destiny closed one volume of our annals, 
and opening another, traced with shadowy finger upon its pages a 
million epitaphs, ending with "Appomattox." 

Kansas was the prologue to a tragedy whose epilogue has not yet 
been pronounced ; the prelude to a fugue of battles whose reverbera- 
tions have not yet died away. 

Floating one summer night upon a moonlit sea, I heard far over 
the still waters a high, clear voice singing: 

"To the West ! To the West ! To the land of the free, 
Where the mighty Missouri rolls down to the sea ; 
Where a man is a man if he's willing to toil. 
And the humblest may gather the fruits of the soil." 

A few days later, my studies being completed, I joined the uninter- 
rupted and resistless column of volunteers that marched to the land of 
the free. St. Louis was a squalid border town, the outpost of civiliza- 
tion. 

The railroad ended at Jefferson City. Trans-continental trains, with 
sleepers and dining cars, annihilating space and time, were the vague 
dream of a future century. 

Overtaking at Hermann a fragile steamer that had left her levee the 
day before, we embarked upon a monotonous voyage of four days 
along the treacherous and tortuous channel that crawled between 
forests of cottonwood and barren bars of tawny sand, to the frontier of 
the American Desert. - 

It was the mission of the pioneer with his plough to abolish the 
frontier, and to subjugate the desert. One has become a boundary, 
and the other an oasis. But with so much acquisition, something has 
been lost for which there is no compensation or equivalent. He is 
unfortunate who has never felt the fascination of the frontier; the 
temptation of unknown and mysterious solitudes; the exultation of 



6 KANSAS. 

helping to build a State ; of forming its institutions and giving direction 
to its career. 

Kansas, in its rudimentary stage, extended westward six hundred 
and fifty-eight miles to the crest of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern 
boundary of Utah. By subsequent amputation and curtailment, it was 
shorn to its present narrow limits of fifty -two million acres ; three 
thousand square miles in excess of the entire area of New England. 
Denver, Manitou, Pueblo, Pike's Peak, and Cripple Creek are among 
the treasures which the State-makers of 1859, like the base Indian, 
threw unconsciously away, though richer than all his tribe. 

Thirty years ago, along the eastern margin of the grassy quadrangle 
which geographers called Kansas, the rude forefathers of Atchison, 
Leavenworth, Wyandotte, Lawrence, and Topeka slept in the intervals 
of their strife with the petty tyrants of their fields, and beyond their 
western horizon, the rest was silence, solitude, and the wilderness, to 
the Rio Grande ; to the Yellowstone ; to the Sierra Nevada ; like the 
lonely steppes of Turkestan and Tartary ; inhabited by wandering 
tribes, whose occupation was war; whose pastime was the chase; 
pastured for untold centuries by roaming herds that followed the 
seasons in their recurring migrations from the arctic circle to the 
Gulf. 

It has been sometimes obscurely intimated that the typical Kansan 
lacks in reserve, and occasionally exhibits a tendency to exaggeration 
in dwelling upon the development of the State, and the benefits and 
burdens of its citizenship. 

Censorious scoffers, actuated by envy, jealousy, malignity and other 
evil passions, have hinted that he unduly vaunteth himself; that he 
brags and becomes vainglorious; that he is given to bounce, tall talk, 
and magniloquence. 

There have not been wanting those who aflSrm that he magnifies his 
calamities as well as his blessings, and desires nothing so much as to 
have the name of Kansas, in any capacity, always in the ears and 
mouths of men. 

Such accusations are well calculated to make the judicious grieve. 
They result from a misconception of the man and his environment. 

The normal condition of the genuine Kansan is that of shy and 
sensitive diflBdence. He suffers from excess of modesty. He blushes 
too easily. There is nothing he dislikes so much as to hear himself 



KANSAS. 7 

talk. He hides his light under a bushel. He keeps as near the tail 
end of the procession as possible. He never advertises. He bloweth 
not his own horn, and is indifferent to the band wagon. 

He is oppressed by the vast responsibility of being an inhabitant of 
a commonwealth so immeasurably superior, in all the elements of 
present glory, in all the prophecies of future renown, to its inferior 
companions. 

To be a denizen of a State that surpasses all other communities, as 
Niagara excels all other cataracts, as the sun transcends all other 
luminaries, imposes obligations that render levity impossible. 

The every-day events of Kansas would be marvels elsewhere ; our 
platitudes would be panegyrics ; the trite and commonplace are un- 
known. It is impossible to over-estimate the value of citizenship in a 
State that sent more soldiers into the Union armies than it had voters 
when Sumter fell ; that exceeded all quotas without draft or bounty ; 
that had the highest rate of mortality upon the field of battle. That a 
State so begotten and nurtured should be as indomitable in peace as it 
was invincible in war, was inevitable. Its gestation was heroic. It 
represented ideas and principles; conscience, patriotism, duty; the 
''unconquerable mind and freedom's holy flame." 

No other State encountered such formidable obstacles of nature and 
fortune. Our disasters and catastrophes have been monumental. 
Swarms of locusts eclipsing the sun in their flight, whose incredible 
voracity left the forests, and the orchards, and the fields of June as 
naked as December ; drouths changing the sky to brass and the earth 
to iron; siroccos that in a day devastated provinces and reduced 
thousands from comfort to penury — these and the other destructive 
agencies of the atmosphere have been met by a courage that no danger 
could daunt, and by a constancy unshaken by adversity. 

The statistics of the census tables are more eloquent than the tropes 
and phrases of the rhetorician. The story of Kansas needs no re- 
inforcement from the imagination. Its arithmetic is more dazzling and 
bewildering than poetry, and the historian is compelled to be econom- 
ical of truth and parsimonious in his recital of facts, in order not to 
impose too great a strain upon the capacity of human credulity. 

Notwithstanding the mishaps of husbandry and the fatalities of 
nature, it is a moderate and conservative statement that no community 
ever increased so rapidly in population, wealth and civilization, nor 



8 KANSAS. 

gained so great an aggregate in so brief a time, as the State of Kansas. 
There is no other State where the rewards of industry have been so 
ample, and the conditions of prosperity so abundant, so stable and so 
secure as here. 

It is a distinctly American State, with a trivial fraction of illiteracy, 
the largest school population, and but one detected criminal to two 
thousand of its inhabitants. 

In popular estimation, Kansas is classified as an exclusively agri- 
cultural and pastoral region. It has harvested the largest wheat crop 
ever gathered in any State, and will strive this year to break its own 
record. In corn, fruit and small grains computation and measurement 
have been abandoned as superfluous and impracticable. But these are 
only fragments of its material resources. 

Its fields of natural gas rival those of Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania. 

Its mines supply one-fourth of the zinc and much of the lead of the 
world. 

Its deposits of bituminous coal are inexhaustible. 

Vast areas are underlaid with petroleum. 

Its salt mines are richer than those of New York and Michigan. 

Its treeless and unwatered plains sent the biggest walnut log to the 
World's Fair, and have a subterranean flow that is capable of irrigating 
an area more fertile and extensive than the Valley of the Nile. The 
indescribable splendor of the palaces of the Exposition, with their 
white domes and pinnacles, and statues, and colonnades, and terraces, 
and towers, came from the cement quarries of the Saline and the 
Smoky Hill. 

And this is but the dawn. We stand in the vestibule of the temple. 
Much less than one-half the surface of the State has been broken by 
the plough. Its resources have been imperfectly explored. It has 
developed at random. Science will hereafter reinforce the energies of 
nature, and the achievements of the past will pale into insignificance 
before the completed glory of the century to come. 

Atchison, May 10, 1896. 

[From "A Kansas Souvenir," published by the Kansas 
Immigration and Information Association.] 



KflflSflS. 



ITS LOCATION IN THE AMERICAN UNION, 



GENTLY undulating plain, 210 miles in width from north to 
nj south, and 400 miles long from east to west ; this is the first thing 
to be said about the great agricultural State which lies in the very- 
heart of the American Continent. The plain slopes from west to 
east at an average of about seven feet to the mile ; there is also an incli- 
nation from north to south, as indicated by the water courses which bear 
generally in a southeasterly direction. The mouth of the Kansas river, 
on the eastern boundary, is 750 feet above the sea level ; the average 
altitude of the western boundary is about 3,500 feet. 

The State lies between 37° and 40° north latitude, and between 94°, 
38^ and 102° west longitude. 

Kansas is distinctively a prairie State ; its broad surface is diversified 
by an endless succession of valleys and woodlands. The Great Central 
valley is traversed by the Kansas, or Kaw, river, which, inclusive of the 
Smoky Hill branch, extends the entire length of the State. Another 
broad valley is formed in the southern half of the State by the Arkansas 
river, while numerous lateral valleys on the north are formed by minor 
streams. In the southeastern portion lies the important Neosho valley, 
and the smaller valleys of the Osage and Verdigris. In the extreme 
southwest and along the southern boundary are the valley of the Cimar- 
ron and a network of the southern tributaries of the Arkansas. The 
northeastern quarter is enriched by numerous small affluents of the Mis- 
souri. The streams of Kansas are generally fed by perennial springs, 
and, as a rule, the eastern and middle portions of the State are well 
watered. The western part is more elevated and water is less abundant. 
The surface and so' I characteristics, elevations, and variations in cli- 
mate divide the State-, naturally into three distinct zones or belts, dignified 



10 



KANSAS. 



as Eastern, Central and "Western Kansas. Eastern Kansas, in part bor- 
dering on the Missouri river, is generally high, rolling prairie, hilly and 
broken in places, but traversed by wide and beautiful valleys, through 
which timber-fringed streams find their way eastward and southeast- 
ward. Near the western edge of the eastern belt, the limestone formation 
extending north and south through the State marks the line between the 
high rolling prairies of Eastern Kansas and the gently rolling and almost 
unbroken surface of the great prairies of Central Kansas, so noted for the 
great depth, uniformity and richness of its soil, and the small percentage 
of waste land. 




DROVE OF JERSEY CATTLE. 

The state contains 82,000 square miles ; a little less than Great Britain; 
'larger than New England; twice as large as Kentucky, or Ohio, or 
Indiana, and larger than Indiana and New York combined. 

The exact geographical center of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, 
lies near Manhattan, in Riley county, Kansas. 

The whole surface is a continuation of "the plains" which stretch from 
the Rocky Mountains Eastward through Colorado. The north line, 
along the State of Nebraska is considerably higher than its southern 
boundary on the line of the Indian Territory. Hence, in traveling 
westward we ascend continually. At the Kaw river, at Kansas City, we 



KANSAS. 



11 



are only 760 feet above the sea level. On the western boundary of the 
State, where we cross into Colorado, we are 4,000 feet above the sea, so 
that in a journey of a little over four hundred miles, we have climbed a 
hill 3,240 feet in height. And yet there are no mountains in all the 
broad State of Kansas. It is a prairie State, an agricultural State. 

Here, then, at the very outset, Kansas lays claim for priority in the 
sisterhood of States. The ordinary observer, possessing only a super- 
ficial knowledge of the economic conditions which govern the settlement 
and industrial development of the country, will see at a glance, that a 
State so advantageously situated, must, if soil, climate, or other factors 
prove favorable, draw to itself a large quota of the constantly increasing 
immigration which is rapidly flowing into the country. The value of 




WONDERFTL RoCK FORMATION FORMED FROM OVERFLOW OF WACONDA 

Springs, Cawker, Kas. 
land depends entirely upon the number of people who want land. 
There are now less than twenty persons to the square mile in Kansas, 
including the rural and urban population. As population increases, 
land values rise ; we all know this to be a fact, and we also know that 
in the western half of the United States, the free Government land 
which has heretofore been at the disposal of new settlers is rapidly 
diminishing in quantity. Further on, it will be seen that Kansas soil 
and climate fulfill every requirement — that in this respect at least, 
nothing more could be desired by the farmer, the stock raiser or the 
fruit grower, and as population is steadily flowing westward, and as the 
cities, towns and villages of Kansas are rapidly filling up, and farm 
lands are being brought under cultivation, it follows that the State of 



12 KANSAS. 

Kansas now oflFers to the settler who finds the conditions which 
surround him in the older States growing each year more and more 
undesirable, the best possible opportunity for bettering his condition. 

The Government no longer has first-class agricultural lands to ofier 
to the homesteader, the free lands are, speaking generally, exhausted, 
for if one now desires to take a homestead, he must go so far away from 
markets, from churches, schools and civilization that the land is prac- 
tically worthless. He will find, too, that much if not all of the land now 
nominally open to the homesteader and pre-emptor lies within the arid 
districts where expensive irrigation canals must be constructed before 
the settler can raise a crop. Kansas then, ofiers that which no other 
Western State can offer in greater abundance or under freer conditions — 
a large area of first-class lands to be had at nominal prices. Climate, 
soil and moisture, assure the husbandman of success, while the location 
of the State and the comparatively sparse population which now finds 
a home within its borders, makes "assurance doubly sure," that land 
values there will steadily rise to the enrichment of those owners who 
secure homes or farms for themselves at once. 

For the investor or the actual settler, the best lands for the least 
money are to be found in Kansas. No other Western State can begin to 
compare with Kansas in this particular, as the reader will discover as 
he considers the figures which he will find further on, telling of the 
capabilities of the State as an agricultural and industrial factor of the 
Union. 

The natural resources of the State are wonderful ; it is underlaid with 
limestone of a superior quality which is used for all classes of building 
at home, and is shipped abroad, and used for the erection of buildings 
in the cities of the neighboring States. 

A large area of the State is underlaid with an excellent quality of 
bituminous coal. 

The State is central, it is "on the road to California" and the Orient ; 
it is crossed by several of the greatest railroad systems on the continent, 
and is destined to be the broad highway for numerous trans-continental 
lines. 

The growth of the State has been phenomenal ; twenty-five years ago 
there was comparatively nothing west of the Missouri, and very little west 
of the Mississippi. Where now fair farms and beautiful groves of shade and 
fruit trees stand to gladden the eye, and tell of comfortable and happy 



KANSAS. 13 

homes, the Indian and the buffalo held full possession of the soil. There 
are now busy, bustling, thriving cities in Kansas; churches, schools, 
electric street car lines, factories, mills and commercial exchanges ; mart.« 
of trade whose transactions run into the millions — and yet twenty-five or 
thirty years ago the first footfall of civilization had not been heard, 
where now tower the imposing walls of the warehouse, the grain elevator 
and the mill. 

And yet there are only a million and a half of people in all of Kansas. 
The ground has scarcely been touched by the hand of man — only about 
twenty people to the square mile, and this includes both the dwellers in 
cities and the dwellers on farms — there is 

"Room for millions more.' ' 

And opportunity for millions more. Where now there are only broad 
stretches of prairie grass and sunshine, countless homes will rise ; count- 
less villages and towns, with schools and churches, factories and markets 
will be built. 

It is the destiny of Kansas to be a great State. 

Her geographical position. 

Soil. 

Climate. 

History. 

The character and energy of her people. 

Everything combines to make her great in the nation, and worthy of 
the love of her children who have rescued her fruitful soil from the 
savage and the wild beast, and caused her valleys to blossom as the rose. 




Thrashing scrnb. 



KANSAS' PLACE IN HISTORY. 



This is not a history. This book is intended to serve as a suggestion 
for homeseekers, a pointer for men who are seeking greener fields and 
newer pastures, in which they may build homes and rear families under 
the protecting shield of a free government. And because Kansas has in 
its history much that proves its founders to have been men who loved 
home, and peace, and liberty dearly enough to be willing to sacrifice even 
the very things which they loved most, in order that their children 
might enjoy in peace that which they fought for, a brief outline of this 
history will not be out of place here. But it is only an outline ; just 
enough to give a hint to the reader of what manner of men they were 
who laid the foundation stones, and began to lay the walls upon which 
the great edifice, called the Commonwealth of Kansas, now stands dis- 
closed. 

The name Kansas is of Indian origin and means " smoky water." The 
State is a part of that great tract of country purchased by the United 
States from France in 1803, known as the Louisiana Purchase. Prior to 
1854 it was held by various Indian tribes, some native, and others which 
had been removed from the older States. It was organized and opened 
for settlement as a terrritory, by act of Congress in May, 1854, in the 
midst of a heated contest on the slavery question, in which each side 
vigorously contested for the control of the new territory ; and thus it was 
that Kansas became the scene of the premonitory outbreaks which pre- 
ceded the Civil War. Before the formal opening of that war, societies 
were organized by the rival settlers and their friends in the States on 
both sides of the great questions at issue, and even rival legislatures were 
elected and convened. The discussion frequently resulted in personal 
violence, and the greatest excitement prevailed till the breaking out of 
the Civil AVar. Kansas came into the Union as a State in January, 1861. 
In August, 1863, the city of Lawrence was sacked and burned. ^ 

CLIMATE. 

The geographical position of Kansas is an unanswerable argument in 
favor of its healthfulness. The enterprise and vigorous advancement 
shown in the years of settlement contribute another promise to the logic 



KANSAS. 15 

whose conclusion is that Kansas is all that can be desired for health, and 
vigorous, pushing health at that. 

Prof. Frank H. Snow, of the State University, at Lawrence, Kan., has 
kept a correct weather record since 1868. He publishes the tables of his 
observations in the large volume of the Report of the State Board of 
Agriculture. From them it appears that the mean temperature for the 
Spring months is 54 degrees, for Summer 76.39 degrees, for Autumn 52.89 
degrees, and for winter 30.08 degrees ; the mean temperature for the year 
is 53.34 degrees. This places Kansas in line with the States of Missouri, 
Southern Illinois, Southern Indiana, Southern Ohio, Kentucky, the Vir- 
ginias, and Maryland. 

The temperature of the western half of the State, a thousand and 
more feet higher than Lawrence (875 feet above sea level), is slightly 
lower, but no such accurate observations for a long period are at hand 
from that portion of the State. 

The winters of Kansas are generally open ; the fall of snow is com- 
paratively light, rarely exceeding six inches in depth for a single storm. 
There is great variety in the cold of our winters. In 1869, 1874 and 1880, 
the temperature fell below zero only twice in each year. In 1872 the zero 
point was passed on sixteen days. In the winter of 1867-68 farmers were 
plowing during the whole of December, until the 5th of January, when 
winter began. Uninterrupted cold weather then lasted until the 12th of 
February, when the winter was at an end. The winter of 1871-72, on the 
other hand, extended from the 18th of November to the 15th of 
February. 

The average number of days when the mercury reached ninety degrees 
at Lawrence, during the thirteen summers, was thirty-nine. But, though 
the thermometer indicates a higher temperature on a greater number of 
days than in Eastern States of the same latitude, the heat is, on the 
whole, much easier borne than there. First, the nights are invariably 
cool. Second, the air is in almost constant circulation — rarely becomes 
calm. Third, the most important modifier of heat is tlflfcryness of 
Kansas atmosphere, which cools the body by rapid evaporation, and 
makes the high temperature of midsummer easy to endure. The greater 
the amount of moisture in the air, the more oppressive becomes the heat; 
so that eighty degrees in Philadelphia or Boston is far more intolerable 
than ninety degrees in Lawrence, or in Hays City. 

The average date of the last light frost of spring is April 22d; that of 



16 KANSAS. 

the first light frost in autumn is September 25th, giving an average inter- 
val of 157 days entirely without frost. The period of freedom from 
severe frosts is considerably longer ; averaging 200 days, from about the 
4th of April to the 18th of October. The April frosts are seldom severe 
enough to materially injure fruit buds. 

SOIL. 

In nearly every portion of the State the soil is a dark, rich loam, com- 
posed of the accumulated mold of the vegetation of ages, mixed with 
fine, silicious grains of sand and lime. There is no '*hard pan," except in 
a few counties on the Missouri border ; there is no "gumbo," and conse- 
quently no "craw-fish " prairies. The surface soil is so porous that the 
heaviest rains are almost completely absorbed. " More rain, more rest," 
does not hold good in Kansas. The morning after a night's rain the 
farmer can plow or cultivate his corn field without fear of packing and 
baking the ground. The rain is stored in the soil, and is accessible to 
tJjLv. roots of the crops during long weeks of cloudless, sunny weather. 
That is one of the secrets of the peculiar success of crop-raising in the 
State, and the intelligent farmer assists nature by plowing a little deeper 
every year and loosening the subsoil. 

The ground is very easily plowed, as it turns nicely ; the three-horse 
riding plow, cutting a sixteen-inch furrow, is coming into quite general 
use, and is doing quick, thorough work. So easily is the soil worked and 
planted that not a few shiftless people will scatter oats, for instance, in a 
corn-stubble field, and then run a harrow through it, expecting to raise a 
crop in such a sluggish manner, and frequently succeeding, too. 

"The soil of both valley and high prairie is the same fine, black, rich 
loam so common in Western States. The predominating limestones, by 
this disintegration, aid in its fertility, but the extreme fineness of all the 
ingredients j^ts most effectively in producing its richness. * * * A few 
exceptionsBPthis general rule exist in the extreme southwestern coun- 
ties, but they contain only a small portion of the whole. * * * A very 
common opinion prevails, that the land lying near the Colorado line con- 
tains numerous alkali springs, and that the surface is sometimes covered 
with white alkali deposits. This is not so. During fifteen years' 
acquaintance with that portion of the State, I have seen but two springs 
appearing to contain that substance, and never found ten acres of land in 



KANSAS. 



17 



one place, where the vegetation had been injured by it." — Prof, B. F. 
Mudge, State Geologist. 

The soil on the high, rolling prairies is several feet deep, resting fre- 
quently on gravel, and under that is found the magnesian limestone, 
which rock formation underlies the whole State. 

The bottoms along the river valleys and in the creek courses frequently 
have a depth of from eight to fifteen feet of coal-black humus that has 
been gradually deposited from the upper lands through thousands of 
years, and now producing, under good cultivation, enormous crops of 




HARVEST SCENK. 

corn; from 50 to 90 bushels have been cribbed. And all this the 
splendid soil will do without manure, even without rational rotation of 
crops, though farmers who are wise enough to apply both, before the 
prodigious fertility of their farms show signs of exhaustion, reap an 
abundant reward. 

On mounds, and on the declivities of the bluffs, the soil is thin, some- 
times making, when sufficiently smooth and free from projecting 
stones, good "mowing lands," where the stock-raiser is cutting and put- 
ting up his hay ; sometimes only fit for sheep pasture. 

Fifteen per cent of the whole State is in bottom and valley lands as 
rich as the famous Connecticut, Mohawk, Genessee or Mississippi val- 



18 KANSAS. 

leys, but in this genial climate, vastly more productive and healthy. 
Seventy-five per cent of the uplands is rolling prairie, susceptible in the 
eastern and central portions of easy and high cultivation, and in the 
north half of the western part, clothed in the thick carpet of buffalo 
grass. The other ten per cent is rough, broken bluffs, in the middle of 
the southeastern part even flinty pasture lands. On the whole, very 
little waste land, that would not bear at least some bunch grass for sheep 
pasture is found in the State. 

There are no swamps, no naturallakes ; artificial ponds are frequently 
made by the provident farmer for his cattle. 

RAINFALL. 

There has been a change for the better in this respect of late years, 
though it has probably not been caused by an increase in the rainfall. 

The original wild grass which covered all the vast prairies of the West, 
the buffalo grass, forms a sward perfectly impervious to rain ; water is 
shed by it as by a sheep pelt. Its presence always indicates a deep and 
strong soil. As it is plowed up, the soil is uncovered, and drinks in all 
the rain that falls upon it. 

Formerly, the creeks and streams would rise rapidly and swell up to 
overflowing in a few hours after every shower. Now, they rise slowly, 
and fall as slowly, even after heavy rains. The buffalo grass is being 
crowded out, even on the unbroken pastures, by a long-stemmed variety, 
the " blue stem," equally good for grazing as for hay-making. We regard 
all these changes as sure indications that, with increased cultivation of 
the surface, more moisture becomes available. 

The records of rainfall, kept at Fort Leavenworth (in longitude 94° 54' 
west), in the Missouri valley, and on the extreme east line of Kansas, date 
from 1836. In periods of ten years the average rainfall observed was : — 

From 1837 to 1846 (ten years) 30.4 inches. 

" 1847^1856 " " 32.3 

" 1857 " 1865 (nine years) 33.7 

" 1867 " 1876 (ten years) 32.2 

" 1877 " 1883 (seven years) 32.9 

" 1884 ** 1893 (ten years) 35.9 



KANSAS. 19 

THE LEAST AMOUNTS FELL IN 

1874 24.21 inches. I 1882 22.07 inches. 

1875 25.51 " I 

THE LARGEST AMOUNTS FELL IN 

1872 44.21 inches. ; 1870 41.70 inches. 

1877 44.01 " I 

In 1888 it amounted to 41.84 inches. 

In 1889 " " 32.43 " 

In 1893 '• " 34.21 " 

About one hundred and forty miles west from the eastern State line 
(in longitude 96° 35^ and 1,300 feet above sea level) is Fort Riley, where 
similar observations have been made and recorded since 1853. In 
periods of ten years the average annual rainfall observed was : 

From 1854 to 1863 (ten years) 23.68 in<;hes. 

" 1864**1873 " " 24.22 " 

*' 1874'* 1883 " " 26.26 ** 

'* 1884**1888 (five years) 22.09 '* 

" 1889**1893 ** " 36.45 ** 

This point is located so that it may be taken as a fair representative 
for all Central Kansas, nearly up to the 100th meridian, in Trego county. 

THE LEAST AMOUNTS FELL IN 



1854 16.93 inches. 

1860 15.36 '* 



1874 15.14 inches. 

1886 18.01 " 



THE LARGEST AMOUNTS FELL IN 

1876 37.38 inches. I 1879 38.06 inches. 

1877 32.68 " | 

The annual average from 1854 to 1893 is 33.17 inches, of which April, 
May and June have 13.05 inches, and July and August, 11.19 inches. 
The winter months have from 0.50 to 1.95 inches. 



20 KANSAS. 

CHURCHES. 

As Kansas has been settled by an intelligent, an industrious, law-abid- 
ing people, from nearly every State in the Union, the means for public 
worship have been carefully cared for. It is always the best and the 
bravest of an Anglo-Saxon community who leave their homes, and fol- 
low an instinct which has made the race the most potent factor in the 
civilization of new countries and the subjugation of wild lands. As 
" God sifted three nations " to find material strong enough and brave 
enough in mind and body for the first settlements in America, so ever 
since that day the sifting process has been going on. As New England 
was settled by brave spirits from the older world across the sea, so has 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kansas been settled by the stronger and more 
adventurous of the descendants of those men. " Freedom to worship 
God " was the keynote, the battle cry, the great overshadowing influence 
which nerved our fathers to their work on the " rock-bound shores '^ of 
New England. * And, as the years have come and gone since then, until 
the epoch of the tenth generation of the Mayflower's emigrants has rolled 
around, we find that the influences which made that hazardous voyage 
possible in the seventeenth century were so strongly woven into the 
warp and woof of the human texture of the fathers, that their sons, in the 
tenth generation, are still moved and controlled by the same influences. 

The commonwealths of, Massachusetts and Connecticut were built upon 
a religious idea. In Ohio, Illinois, and, finally, in Kansas, we find that 
this enduring and ever present thought in the hearts of a freedom-loving 
people has blossomed into a flower which guarantees to all men who live 
beneath the protecting shields of the constitutions of those States, a 
larger, broader, more perfect religious liberty than the fathers dreamed of. 

As soon as a new county was organized in Kansas, and the civil 
authority established, the people with one accord turned their attention 
to the organization of churches and schools. Wiser than their fathers, 
they separated church and State, and wiser still than this, they ordained 
that the State should not teach religion in the public schools, leaving 
that duty to the parents, and so securing absolute fairness in the expen- 
diture of public moneys as between the adherents of diSerent religious 
bodies. The wisdom of this action soon became apparent. Everywhere 
the school and the church flourished side by side ; the one serving as the 
complement of the other. ' 



KANSAS. 21 

DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS. 

Before treating of the public school system of the State, something 
more than a passing mention is due to the remarkable development of 
the denominational schools, fostered and supported by the churches. 
That so new a State as Kansas should have developed church schools to 
the extent shown by the following figures is certainly remarkable, and 
speaks eloquently of the esteem in which moral and intellectual culture 
is held by the people who have given freely of their money, time and 
thought, that these schools might be established, where the religious 
tenets held by the parents could be transmitted to the children. 

There are no less than thirty -five denominational schools in the State. 
These schools have an average yearly attendance of 5,000, and own 
property amounting to $2,831,000. 

Denominational schools are very dear to the hearts of many parents, 
and it is presumed that the ability to send one's children to a church 
school would be an important factor in enabling the head of a family, 
who was looking about him with the idea of changing his residence, in 
deciding as to where he would locate. With this idea in view, the fol- 
lowing information as to the location of denominational schools in Kan- 
sas is here given : 

Baker University, at Baldwin was founded in 1858. There are 
twenty -three instructors, and the enrollment of students is over 500 ; the 
graduates number 413. The library contains 5,000 volumes. This 
school is under the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 

Bethany College, located at Lindsborg, is under the supervision of the 
Lutheran Church. Rev. C. A. Swenson, Ph. D., is President. There 
are twenty-five instructors and 500 students enrolled. The college was 
organized in 1881, and has graduated 195 students. 

At Enterprise is located the Central College of the United Brethren 
Church. This school, organized in 1891, has ten instructors, an 
enrollment of 170, and a library of 1,000 volumes. Although the school 
is in its beginning, it has an income, from all sources, of $32,000. 

The College of Emporia, at Emporia, was organized in 1882, under the 
auspices of the Presbyterian Church, and has thirteen instructors, an 
enrollment of 120 students, and a library of 4,000 volumes. 

At Highland is also another Presbyterian college. Highland Univer- 
sity, organized in 1870, which now has a force of seven teachers, 
seventy-five pupils enrolled, and an annual income of $3,700. 



22 KANSAS. 

The Kansas Wesleyan University, at Salina, was established in 1886, 
under the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church. There is a 
teaching force of nineteen instructors; the enrollment is about 400. 
Since its organization it has graduated twenty-one students. 

Midland College, Atchison, is under the control of the Evangelical 
Lutheran Church. It has twelve instructors, 120 enrollment, and a 
library of more than 5,000 volumes. Thirty two students have been 
graduated. 



Him 


m^^^^^^^^^^~ - 


f'* *" 




:'y|^^^H 





BEAUTIFUL SCENERY. 

Ottawa University, of Ottawa, belonging to the Baptist Church, was 
founded in 1860. Fifteen instructors are employed, and the enrollment 
is about 450. The graduates number eighty-two. 

The Southwest Kansas was established at Winfield in 1881, under the 
auripices of the Methodist Episcopal Church. There are 130 students 
in attendance. The school has graduated eighty-five students. 

St. Benedict's College, at Atchison, was founded by the Roman 
Catholic Church in 1858. The school has twenty-four instructors, 170 
students, and a library of 12,000 volumes. 

St. Mary's College, at St. Mary's, was organized in 1869. The institu- 
tion has corps of thirty-two teachers, an enrollment of about 250, and 
a large library of 15,000 volumes. One hundred and seventy-two 
students have been graduated by the school. 



KANSAS. 23 

Washburn College, at Topeka, was founded in 1865, under the manage- 
ment of the Congregational Church. It has graduated 150 persons. 
There are fourteen instructors, and an enrollment of over 200. 

McPherson College, at McPherson, is under the direction of the 
Dunkard Church. It is one of the most important institutions of learn- 
ing, and enjoys a wide popularity. 

Bethel College, at Newton, is owned and controlled by the Mennonite 
Church. It is the only school of its kind in the State. It is free from 
debt, and, therefore, on a safe financial basis. 

Fairmount College, at Wichita, is a Christian, but non-sectarian, 
college, with an excellent faculty and courses. It has fifteen de- 
partments of instruction, and the teaching is in line with the 
latest pedagogical science. The college has a most excellent loca- 
tion, Wichita being the junction of four continental railway systems. 



THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. 

Kansas is a State which has the right to boast of its public school system. 
The general government by a wise provision of law set aside the 16th 
and 36th section in each township for the benefitof the school fund. 
The fines collected from law breakers are in many instances placed to 
the credit of this fund. Whenever there are fifteen children between 
the ages of five and twenty-one years, a school district may be estab- 
lished, and thereafter the length of term in such district, if it has "a good 
and sufficient" school house, must be four months and may be twelve ; 
the law making it the duty of the county superintendent, in conjunction 
with the county commissioners, to levy a tax suflicient to sustain the 
school for at least four months. 

CITY SCHOOLS. 

In Kansas there are three classes of cities: first, second and third; 
the cities of the first class have at least 15,000 inhabitants, and cities of 
the second class have at least 2,000 inhabitants. In cities of the first 
class the board of education has the power to elect a superintendent of 
schools, and to establish a high school. Every city of the first class and 



24 KANSAS. 

nearly every city of the second class has a superintendent and high 
schools. In a city of the second class the board of education consists 
of two members from each ward. Cities of the third class are subject 
to the laws governing county districts, and are, for school purposes, 
under the jurisdiction of the county superintendent. 

GRADED COUNTRY SCHOOLS. 

In nearly every county in the State a uniform course of study is 
followed, periodical examinations are held, and common-school diplomas 
are granted to pupils who finish with credit the prescribed course. The 
diploma granted by the county superintendent is usually taken at its 
face value in the high school at the county seat, and will always be 
honored in the county high school, when such a school has been estab- 
lished. In Dickinson county, for instance, the common-school diploma 
admits the holder into the county high school at Chapman, and the 
diploma granted to the pupil there, on finishing the course, admits him 
to the State University, State Normal School, or State Agricultural 
College. Thus from the first year of his school life, in the primary 
grade of the district school, the pupil has kept before him, as a constant 
incentive to study, the common-school diploma, graduation from the 
high school, and at last graduation from whichever of the higher 
colleges he may choose to enter. 

TEACHERS' ASSOCIATIONS. 

Meetings of Teachers' Associations are held annually in different parts 
of the State and are largely attended. The Association is not simply a 
tumultuous gathering without definite aim, for the work at each session 
is outlined with systematic wisdom. The college and high school 
section has its separate meeting to discuss questions relating solely to 
secondary and higher education ; likewise, the common and graded 
section meets to consider subjects pertaining exclusively to the common 
schools. Each morning or afternoon, as may be determined, there is a 
union meeting composed of all the sections. The resolutions of the 
Association always receive respectful treatment from the Legislature, 
and it can be said that, as a general rule, changes not approved by the 
teachers of the State, as represented in the State Association, are seldom 
made. 



KANSAS. 25 



TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 



The State Board of Education holds an examination for State certifi- 
cates once a year, in the month of August. For the convenience of 
candidates, the examination is held at each of four or five central points. 
For instance, in 1890 examinations were held at Topeka, Lawrence, 
Manhattan, Emporia, Norton and Dodge City. State certificates are 
issued to candidates who pass the required examination, and who have 
taught school for one year. 

A State diploma is issued to successful candidates who have taught for 
five years, two of which must have been in the State of Kansas. 
Students who complete the course at the State Normal School are granted 
a life diploma, which authorizes the holder to teach in any part of the 
State. A one-year State certificate is also granted to students who com- 
plete the first two years' work. 

COUNTY CERTIFICATES. 

In every county there are held four examinations each year — one on 
the last Saturday in January, in April, in October, and at the close of the 
annual Normal Institute. The questions are prepared by the State Board 
of Education, and are sent to the County Superintendent of each county 
a few days before the examination. The questions are in a sealed pack- 
age, which must not be opened until the hour for beginning the examina- 
tion has arrived. The county examining Board consists of the County 
Superintendent and two associates, each of whom must hold a first-grade 
county certificate, and each of whom is appointed by the County Com- 
missioners, on the nomination of the County Superintendent. County 
certificates are of three grades — first, second and third. Certificates of 
the first grade are issued to persons who make a general average of 90 
per cent in the following named studies: Orthography, reading, writing, 
English grammar, composition, geography, arithmetic, United States 
history, constitution of the United States, book-keeping, physiology and 
hygiene, the theory and practice of teaching, the elements of natural 
philosophy. Seventy is the lowest percentage allowed in any branch for 



26 KANSAS. 

the grade. The applicant must be at least eighteen years of age, and 
must have taught, successfully, twelve school months. 

The second-grade certificate is granted to persons who average 80 per 
cent in all the branches prescribed for first-grade certificates, except 
book-keeping and natural philosophy. The applicants for second-grade 
certificates must not fall below 60 per cent in any one branch. Persons 
who receive this grade must be not less than seventeen years of age, and 
must have taught successfully at least three months. The qualifications 
for certificates of the third grade may be prescribed by the County 
Examining Board, though the custom throughout the State is to require 
applicants for that grade to be examined in all the branches required for 
the first grade except book-keeping, natural philosophy and constitution 
of the United States. The average generally required is 70 per cent. 

The first-grade certificate continues in force three years, the second 
two years, the third one year. The first-grade county certificate has, to 
a limited extent, the value of a State certificate, for, on the endorsement 
of the County Superintendent, an unexpired first grade can be made 
valid in any county in the State. 

TEMPORARY CERTIFICATES. 

The County Superintendent is authorized to issue temporary certifi- 
cates, valid only until the next regular examination, and in the school 
district designated in the certificate. The certificate can be issued only 
on the request of the District Board of the district in which the certificate 
is to be used. Under the old system, and it is that which is still in force 
in nearly every other State, each County Board made its own questions 
and fixed its own standard. Hence it is not surprising that there were 
varying standards, which made life somewhat burdensome to the teacher 
who, in the pursuit of his calling, moved from county to county. 

The diploma issued by the State Normal School authorizes the holder 
to teach in the schools of any district or city in the State. Detailed 
information concerning the diploma can be found in the section relating 
to the Normal School. 



KANSAS. • 27 



HIGH SCHOOLS. 

Nearly every city in the State has an excellent high school, usually 
furnished with all needed apparatus and a well-selected library. But 
until 1886 the State had made no provision for high schools outside of 
incorporated cities. The county high school act passed in 1886 provides 
that, for the purpose of affording better educational facilities for pupils 
more advanced than those attending district schools, and for persons 
who desire to fit themselves for teaching, in each county having a 
population of six thousand or more, a county high school may be 
established by a vote of the people. A county high school election is 
called by the County Commissioners on the petition of one- third the 
legal voters in the county. If the majority vote in favor of the school, 
the County Commissioners appoint six persons who, with the County 
Superintendent, shall constitute a board of trustees for the school. The 
appointments hold only until the next general election, and provision is 
made that two trustees shall be elected every year. It is provided that 
in no case shall the total tax for building, teachers' wages, and incidental 
expenses exceed six mills on the dollar, and for teachers' wages and 
incidental expenses alone, the tax must not exceed three mills on the 
dollar. The law requires that there shall be three courses of instruction — 
a general course, a normal course, and a collegiate course — each requir- 
ing three years' study. Tuition is free to all pupils residing in the 
county in which the school is situated. No person shall be admitted to 
the county high school who has not passed a satisfactory examination in 
all the branches required to be taught in district schools. Non-resident 
pupils may be admitted on the payment of tuition fees. Those graduat- 
ing from the normal course shall be entitled to a teacher's second-grade 
certificate and are admitted to the first year of professional work at the 
State Normal School without further examination. And those graduating 
from the collegiate course are admitted to the Freshman class of the 
State University and of the State Agricultural College without further 
examination. 

The county high school act has been in force about four years, and 
already two counties have availed themselves of its liberal provisions. 
In Chapman, Dickinson county, there is one of the best high schools in 
the State. The building itself is a beautiful structure, and liberal pro- 



28 KANSAS. 

vision has been made for the work to be done within its "walls. The 
school was opened in 1888. It was asserted by many that the school 
would be simply local in its character, and that no pupils could be 
expected from remote parts of the county. But the register for this and 
last year shows that every township in the county is well represented, 
and there are a number of students from places fifteen to twenty miles 
distant from Chapman. The enrollment the first year was 137. The 
people of Dickinson county, without regard to location or to party, have 
taken a great interest in the school, and those who are remote from 
Chapman have been as cordial in their support as those living in the 
immediate neighborhood. The school itself is educating the people, for 
it is a perpetual stimulus to all the pupils in the district schools to press 
forward to graduation. In the county high school we have found the 
link which connects the country district schools with our higher institu- 
tions of learning. The professors at this school are graduates of the 
University of Kansas, the Illinois Normal School, the Kansas Normal 
College, Iowa College, and other recognized seats of learning. 

In the foregoing condensed view of the Kansas public school system, 
the reader will see what ample educational facilities have been placed 
within the easy reach of every child in the State, poor and rich. Per- 
fection in the machinery is not claimed, but advancement is discernible 
in every section of the school laws. The people of Kansas are constantly 
pressing forward to higher ground, and inequalities and imperfections of 
all sorts will gradually but surely disappear. 

The following resume of statistical tables relating to common schools 
for the year 1896, tells, in the most concise form, what the people of 
Kansas are doing to educate the children of the commonwealth : 

The statistical tables for 1896 give these totals : At the Normal Insti- 
tutes, in all counties, the total number of days in session was 2,169. The 
average daily attendance was 9,949. The enrollment was 12,868 : 

The number of organized school districts in the State was 9,284. 

The number of district clerks reporting was 8,975. 

Number of male teachers, 4,424. 

Number of female teachers, 7,484. 

School population between the ages of 5 and 21 years : 

Males 250,385 

Females ..245,368 

Total 495,771 

Average length of the school year in weeks, 25.1. 



KANSAS. 29 

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 

RECEIPTS. 

From County Treasurers from district taxes $3,481,447 46 

From State and county funds, apportioned to districts 434,066 25 

Total amount received during the year from all sources for 

school purposes 4,718,367 41 

DISBURSEMENTS. 

For teachers' wages and supervision $2,976,973 45 

For rent, repairs, fuel and incidentals 632,666 25 

Total disbursements during year for school purposes 4,158,999 59 



HIGHER EDUCATION. 

The school system outlined by the pioneers in the State Constitution 
was complete from turret to foundation stone, from the prairie school 
house to the university. Section 2, of the Constitution, reads as follows: 
" The Legislature shall encourage the promotion of moral, scientific and 
agricultural improvement, by establishing a uniform system of common 
schools and schools of higher grade, embracing normal, preparatory, col- 
legiate and university departments." Carrying out the spirit and letter of 
this section, the Kansas people have established three great schools. 

The University of Kansas, situated at Lawrence. 

The State Normal School, at Emporia. 

The State Agricultural College, at Manhattan. 

THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. 

In the act admitting Kansas into the Union, it is provided that seventy- 
two sections of land shall be set apart and reserved for the use and sup- 
port of a State University, to be selected by the Governor of said State, 
subject to the approval of the general land office, and to be appropriated 
and applied in such manner as the Legislature of said State may pre- 
scribe for the purpose aforesaid, but for no other purpose. The Univer- 
sity buildings occupy the summit of Mt. Oread, concerning which the 
words of the Psalmist could be fittingly used, " Mount Zion stands most 



KANSAS. 31 

beautiful, the joy of all the land.'* From the doors of the main build- 
ing can be obtained one of the loveliest and most significant views in the 
land. For there, spread out before one, are hill and dale, fields and 
orchards, streams and woods, church spires and schoolhouse turrets. 
In brief, all the evidences of a Christian civilization, and all wrested 
from the wilderness of Nature and the savagery of man during the last 
thirty-five years. 

The University first occupied the building now known as "North 
College," and at present given up to the School of Fine Arts. This 
building was erected in 1866. In 1874 the main building was dedicated. 
Since that time one building after another has been erected, until now 
seven buildings are in constant use, and one more is in course of erec- 
tion. The latter, the Fowler Machine Shops, will be completed and 
ready for occupancy by January 1st, 1899. The equipment is complete 
in all departments. The Library now numbers over 30,000 volumes. 
In the Natural History collection there are over 175,000 specimens. 
Snow Hall is the home of the Dyche collection of North American 
Mammals, which attracted so much attention in the Kansas Building 
at the World's Fair. This collection, restored to the Museum and 
remounted, is an object of much interest. 

The University is divided into six schools, Art, Pharmacy, Law, 
Music, Fine Arts and Graduate schools. These are the six heads, but 
under each are many departments and subdivisions ; there are courses 
in civil and electrical engineering ; special courses in law ; a prepara- 
tory medical course, which is given due credit by Eastern medical 
schools of high rank; and special work in music, painting and oratory 
is offered. Nearly two hundred optional studies are offered the student 
of the School of Arts, from which to select the studies of his junior and 
senior years. In the School of Law, thorougn instruction is given in 
all the principles of law known in our State or Federal courts. 

There have been in attendance at the University during the past 
year (1898), 1,061 regularly enrolled students. One hundred and forty- 
five schools and academies prepare students directly for this insti- 
tution. 

The University of Kansas draws its students from all parts of the 
State, more especially from the homes of the farmers, mechanics and 



32 KANSAS. 

laborers, as the following table, giving the occupations of the parents 
of the students, conclusively shows : 

Farmers 36 percent. 

Laborers and artisans 14)4 ** 

Merchants and tradesmen 31 " 

Professional men (doctors, lawyers, 

ministers, teachers, etc.) 14 " 

Bankers and capitalists S}4 ** 

Politicians 1 " 

100 per cent. 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT EMPORIA. 

There is but one State Normal School in Kansas, but that has been 
sustained so liberally, and is so convenient of access, that it attracts to 
itself students from all parts of Kansas. Beginning on the 15th of 
February, 1865, with eighteen pupils, it has now on its rolls nearly 
two thousand pupils annually, a greater enrollment than can be found 
in any other State Normal School in the United States. During the 
year 1898, 1,760 were enrolled in the normal department, and 197 in the 
model school. Ninety -three of the 105 counties in Kansas are repre- 
sented in the school, and there are students from nineteen other 
States and Territories. 

The building, recently enlarged, is a stately and beautiful edifice,, 
admirably adapted to the purposes of the school. The main corrider is 
nearly 300 feet long, and the entire building. contains 75 rooms, exclu- 
sive of closets and wardrobes, especially adapted to the wants of the 
school — making it one of the most complete and convenient buildings 
of the kind in this country. The new assembly room is said to be the 
finest auditorium in the State. It is supplied with water from the city 
waterworks, with gas, electric bells, has telephonic connection with the 
city exchange, and is heated by steam. The laboratories for the 
Departments of the Natural Sciences are liberally furnished with the 
latest and best appliances for illustration and experimentation. The 
Natural History collection is growing rapidly, and is a valuable aid 
to class work. 



KANSAS 



33 




34 KANSAS. 

The library and reading room occupy a handsome suite of four rooms 
on the second floor. 

The Music Department occupies four fine rooms on the third floor. 
The school possesses seven pianos and an organ, thus supplying a 
sufficient number of instruments to accommodate all who may wish to 
use them for practice. The Department of Drawing is well equipped 
with a full line of casts, reliefs, models, typical historical ornaments, 
illustrations of the various schools of architecture, photographs, etch- 
ings, engravings, stereopticon views, etc. Every year valuable 
additions are made to this collection. It is conceded that no other 
Normal School west of New York possesses completer facilities for 
instruction in art. The department occupies two rooms on the third 
floor. 

A room in the basement is furnished with tables and tools, including 
turning lathe, scroll saw, etc., for work in manufkl training. The work 
in this room comprehends a variety of simple exercises in wood — slip 
work, joinery work, wood carving, etc. This addition to the appliances 
of the school is becoming a very popular feature, both as giving an 
acquaintance with the work in manual training which can be done in 
the public schools, and as furnishing opportunity for practice in the 
making of a variety of simple apparatus for illustration. 

The new gymnasium is well supplied with apparatus for physical 
exercise. Besides rings, wands, clubs, bean bags, dumb-bells and chest 
"weights for light gymnastics, there are walking rings, ladders, and such 
other material for heavy gymnastics as the space will allow; also, a 
complete set of apparatus for making physical measurements. 

What has been said of the facilities in a few of the departments is 
equally true of all. 

As stated in another place, the library is located in a handsome suite 
of rooms on the second floor. It contains about 13,000 volumes of choice 
books, most of them selected with special reference to the needs of the 
school. The list embraces a fine line of cyclopedias, lexicons, gazetteers, 
and educational reports ; works on the theory, the art and the history 
of education; and standard works on history, literature, science, 
philosophy, etc. The Plumb collection of public documents, now in 
place, will prove a valuable feature for historical students. Students 
have free access to all of the books, under such restrictions as will 



KANSAS. 35 

insure proper care. No one thing is more imperative in the education 
of teachers than a good professional library. In selecting a school in 
which to secure an education, young men and women should not forget 
this feature of the State Normal School. 



THE STATE NORMAL DIRECTORY. 



THE BOARD OF REGENTS. 

Hon. M. F. Knappenberger, President, Jewell City. 
Hon. J. S. McGrath, Vice-President, Saltville. 
Hon. John Madden, Secretary, Emporia. 
Hon. S. H. Dodge, Treasurer, Beloit. 
Hon. J. H. Ritchie, Cherryvale. 
Hon. J. S. Winans, Manchester. 



STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AT MANHATTAN. 

On July 2d, 1862, Congress passed an act granting to each State public 
lands to the amount of 30,000 acres, for each of the Senators and Repre- 
sentatives in Congress, according to the census of 1860, for the "endow- 
ment, support and maintenance of at least one college, where the 
leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical 
studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of 
learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, . . . 
in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial 
classes in the several pursuits and professions of life." The fund 
arising from the sale of the lands thus acquired amounted to $502,927.35, 
and the interest on this amount forms the main income of the college. 

The college receives from the United States Government each year 
$15,000 for the maintenance of an experiment station; this, in the 
language of the act making the appropriation, is "to aid in acquiring 
and diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical 
information on subjects connected with agriculture, and to promote 
scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and 
applications of agricultural science." 



36 KANSAS. 

In 1890 an act was passed by Congress, providing that each State 
should receive for the benefit of its agricultural colleges $15,000 for the 
year ending June 30th, 1890, the amount to be increased by $1,000 for 
ten years, at the expiration of which time the amount will be $25,000 
per annum. The payment for 1898 is $23,000. 

The total annual income of the college at present for college and 
experimental purposes is $65,000. The State makes appropriations for 
building and other permanent improvements. The government is 
vested in a board of Regents, seven in number. 

The college was established in 1863, on a site about two miles from 
Manhattan. In 1873, the present site, about one mile from the city, 
was selected. From the buildings and grounds there can be obtained a 
magnificent view of the Kansas Valley, one of the most fertile valleys 
in the world. 

The course of study is among the best in the country for scientific and 
practical training. Its shops and general equipment are admirable. 

Graduates of the country schools can pass directly into the college 
without examination. 

The figures in the following table show how the college has prospered 
during the sixteen years ending June 30, 1896 : 

1880. 1896. 

Members of faculty 12 23 

Assistants 7 

Students' assistants 1 28 

Students 276 647 

Post-graduates 2 32 

Graduates 7 38 

Total Graduates 56 647 

Age of students, years 18.86 20.89 

Productive endowment $220,329 36 $501,000 00 

Value of buildings and grounds 60,345 00 240,000 00 

Value of apparatus, etc 25,664 76 135,000 00 

Total inventory College and Station... 86,008 76 397,438 00 

Annual income 19,320 49 70,000 00 

Library, bound volumes 2,500 15,000 

The following list gives the names and titles of all the professors and 
other instructors in the College : 



KANSAS. , 37 

BOARD OF REGENTS. 

Hon. Harrison Kelley (1901),* President, Burlington, Coffey County. 
Mrs. Susan J. St. John (1901), Vice-President, Olathe, Johnson 

County. 

Hon. C. B. Hoffman (1901), Treasurer, Enterprise, Dickinson County. 

Hon. T. J. Hudson (1899), Loan Commissioner, Fredonia, Wilson 
County. 

Hon. C. R Noe (1898), Leon, Butler County. 

Hon. C. B. Daughters (1898), Lincoln, Lincoln County. 

Hon. J. N. Limbocker (1901), Manhattan, Riley County. 

Free. Thos. E. Will (ex officio), Secretary, Manhattan. 

I. D. Graham, Assistant Secretary, Manhattan. 



BOARD OF INSTRUCTION. 

FACULTY. 

Thomas Elmer Will, A. M (Harvard), President, Professor of 
Economics and Philosophy. 

Henry M. Cottrell, M. S. (Kansas State Agricultural College), Professor 
of Agriculture, Superintendent of Farm. 

Albert S. Hitchcock, M. S. (Iowa State Agricultural College), Professor 
of Botany. 

Julius T. Willard, M. S. (Kansas State Agricultural College), Professor 
of Applied Chemistry. 

George F. Weida, Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins), Professor of Pure 
Chemistry. 

Edward W. Bemis, Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins), Professor of Economic 
Science. 

Oscar Eugene Olin, A. M. (Kansas State Agricultural College) , Pro- 
lessor of English Language and Literature. 

Frank Parsons (Cornell University), Professor of History and Political 
Science. 

E. E. Faville, B. S. (Iowa State Agricultural College), Professor of 
Horticulture and Entomology, Superintendent of Orchards and Gardenc. 



Term expire; 



38 KANSAS. 

Mrs. Helen Campbell, Professor of Household Economics, Superin- 
tendent of Domestic Science Departments. 

John D. Walters, M. S. (Kansas State Agricultural College), Professor 
of Industrial Art and Designing. 

Miss Mary F. Winston, Ph. D. (Goettingen) , Professor of Mathematics. 

Ozni P. Hood, M. S. (Rose Polytechnic), Professor of Mechanics and 
Engineering, Superintendent of Workshops. 

Ralph Harrison, First Lieutenant 2d IT. S. Cavalry (West Point), 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 




DAIRY FARM. 



Alexanders. Brown (Boston Music School), A. M. (Olivet), Professor 
of Music. 

Frederic Augustus Metcalf, O. M. (Emerson College of Oratory), 
Professor of Oratory. 

Ernest R. Nichols, D. B. (Iowa State Normal), B. S. A. M. (State 
University of Iowa), Professor of Physics. 

Paul Fischer, B. Agr., M. V. D. (Ohio State University), Professor of 
Veterinary Science. 

IraD. Graham, A. M. (Eureka), Secretary, Professor of Bookkeeping, 
Commercial Law, and Accounts. 



KANSAS. 39 

Charles S. Davis (Kansas State Normal School), Superintendent of 
Printing. 

Miss Alice Eupp, Instructor in English. 

Miss Josephine C. Harper, Instructor in Mathematics. 

Miss Julia R. Pearce, B. S. (Kansas State Agricultural College), 
Librarian. 

ASSISTANTS AND FOREMEN. 

William L. House, Foreman of Carpenter Shop. 

George Sexton, Foreman of Farm. 

Con Morrison Buck, B. S., Assistant in Graphics. 

William Baxter, Foreman of Greenhouse. 

Charlotte J. Short, M. S., Assistant in Household Economics. 

Enos Harrold, Foreman of Iron Shop. 

Helen H. High, Assistant in Sewing. 



NEWSPAPERS. 

About nine hundred newspapers and periodicals are published in 
Kansas. The State contains a population which may be truthfully set 
down as a reading people. In the early days a high standard of jour- 
nalistic excellence was set up, and this quality still remains in the State 
press. 

POPULATION AND WEALTH. 

Not until after the war of the rebellion was the development of the 
West thought of. The western border of civilization had been at the 
Missouri river, but the Pacific railways completed, opening up communi- 
cation with the Southwest, caused the thousands of young men in the 
over-crowded East, and the volunteer soldiers mustered out from service 
to seek new fields. Kansas had been the pivotal point in the strife, and 
was the natural haven of the soldier and his younger friends coming to 
maturity, and besides almost every quarter section of land in the State 
had been placed within easy access of the railways. The growth of 
Kansas was phenomenal. In 1860 the population of Kansas was 107,000, 
nearly half of whom were driven from the State by threatened famine 
or joined the Union forces then mustering. In 1870 over 250,000 had 



40 KANSAS. 

been added to the rolls, while ten years later a million souls had made 
Kansas their home, and since that time the number has again nearly- 
doubled. In 1871 there were under cultivation but 93,000,000 acres in 
the whole of the United States. In 1885 the acreage had increased to 
197,000,000, thus in fourteen years more than doubling the entire area 
placed under cultivation from the discovery of America until 1871. 
Kansas' quota in 1871 was 551,000 acres. In 1885 Kansas planted ten 
times that area in corn alone, four times that acreage in winter wheat, 
twice that in both oats and rye, as much to each in tame grasses, barley 
and millet, half that to flax, and cut hay from eight times that area of 
prairie grass under fence. 

The population of Kansas in 1888, as returned by the assessors of the 
State, was 1,518,552. In 1890 the population, as returned by the National 
census, was 1,427,096, showing a loss during two years of 91,456, or 
about six per cent. In commenting on these figures, the State Board of 
Agriculture says, in its Seventh Biennial report: 

" That the State should sustain such a loss in population, and yet, 
during the same time, increase in productive wealth, and show progress 
in nearly every interest or industry of the State, may be surprising, yet 
it is true. Statistics oflQcially furnished this office show the progress 
made by the State during the biennial period covered by this report. 

"The total number of acres devoted to field crops in the year 1888 was 
13,945,772. In the year 1890 it was 15,929,654 ; a gain in two years of 
1,983,882 acres, or 14.22 per cent." 

These figures from the Seventh Biennial report are, in themselves, 
sufficiently suggestive, but when we add to them the figures furnished 
by the same Board, in their annual report for the year ending December 
31, 1891, which has just appeared, the argument showing the actual 
advance of Kansas in material prosperity, notwithstanding the apparent 
loss in population, becomes irresistible. 

In 1892 the total number of acres devoted to field crops was 

18,360,240, 

a gain in one year of 842,222 acres, or within a fraction of eight per cent. 
In 1888 the acreage in field crops was 13,945,772. 
In 1890 " " " " 15,929,654. 

In 1891 " " " " 17,518,018. 

In 1892 " " " " 18,360,240. 



KANSAS. 41 

Keeping these figures in mind, read what the state officials had to 
say in regard to the falling off in population in 1890, with only the 
crop and acreage returns for that year before them : 

"The above statistics seem to indicate that, while there has been a 
falling off in population, that portion of our people which creates wealth 
has sustained no loss. For, as stated above, we see there has been an 
increase in area in field crops * * * of 15.10 per cent, also, we see that 
the combined value of farm products for the years 1889-90 exceeds the 
combined value of farm products for 1887 and 1888 by $8,179,351, or 
about three per cent. * * * " 

(And we are now able to add, in further support of the argument, 
that the combined yield for 1891 and 1892 exceeded the combined yield 
for 1889-90 by about |50,000,000.) 

"A careful analysis of the population of our State reveals to us the 
reason why this is so. In sixteen cities and towns ol* the eastern half of 
Kansas there has been a loss of 45,643 in population, or half of the entire 
loss of the State. This surplus population, which added nothing to the 
permanent wealth of the State, came here on a tidal wave. They were 
boomers and speculators, and mechanics and laborers' who always follow 
in the wake of a boom. * * * In 1887 the balloon was punctured ; the 
gas escaped, but the effect of the collapse was not fully realized until 
after March 1st, 1888, at which time the assessor's returns show that the 
climax of city population was reached. * * * The city population, 
which, after the collapse, were obliged to leave, were largely non-pro- 
ducers. * * * The speculators in Western Kansas were also non- 
producers. * * * We therefore see that the productive force, or the 
agricultural wealth-producing portion of the State remains, and that the 
State, in an agricultural way, makes a good showing." 

THE CLAIM HOLDER. 

One other fact should be mentioned, which, taken in connection with 
the above, effectually disposes of the assertion that anything like a per- 
manent decrease in the desirable population of Kansas exists. 

During the hegira to the West — 1884-87— there developed a species of 
genus homo known as the claim holder. Unlike the bounty jumper, botli 
sexes were represented. As an "easy job" for the summer, the claim 
holder would leave the desk or counter, the school-room or the farm, the 



42 KANSAS. 

work-bench or the anvil, the wash-tub or the doctor's care, and repair 
to Western Kansas, locate a claim, "hold it down" for six months, 
while they breathed the fresh air, wrote glowing letters to their 
friends, and awaited the end of the six months, when they might 
"prove up" their claim and mortgage it! Well, the "claim holding" 
industry no longer thrives in Kansas. 

CANCELING MORTGAGES. 

The records of Kansas show a decrease of farm mortgages of over 
$30,000,000 in the last 12 months. It is safe to say that the farm mortgage 
indebtedness is being paid off at a rate of over $1,000,000 a month. 

Owing to the high prices of farm products, and favorable indications 
of an enormous crop, many a Kansas farm will pay for itself this year. 

PRODUCTS. 

The staple crop of Eastern Kansas is corn ; tame hay, fruit and potatoes 
give especially large yields, and breeding of high grade and thorough- 
bred live stock is one of the chief industries. Wheat is the staple of 
Central Kansas, although corn and mixed crops, stock-raising and fruit- 
growing are fast becoming quite as important, especially in the eastern 
portion of the belt. Western Kansas is but scantily developed into an 
agricultural region, and it is not yet clearly demonstrated that success 
will attend outside irrigation. The wondrously rich soil gives a double 
portion when the seasons favor. A number of irrigation canals have 
been taken from the Arkansas river, and others are being constructed 
leading from the Solomon. When irrigation is applied the products are 
far superior and the yield far in excess of farms in other portions of the 
State. The western portion of Kansas is best adapted to the stock- 
grower, as his cattle will thrive pasturing on the nutritious buffalo grass 
during the open winter, provision being made necessary only for the 
more stormy weather, when shelter is as needful as forage. Fodder, 
such as sorghum, wild maize and millet, are successfully grown, giving 
good yields without irrigation, while winter wheat, sown early in the 
fall, affords excellent pasturage, serving as a condiment to the drier feed, 
and not harmed by the winter cropping, but, in favorable years, gives 
good yields of grain and straw, while the pasturing pays for seed and 
planting in any event. 



KANSAS. 43 

ENTOMOLOGY. 



University of Kansas — Department op Entomology — Preliminary 
Report of Field Work for 1899. 



Considerable time has been given to investigations upon the hfe of 
the plains and the mountain regions as far west as Florence, Colorado, 
and as far north as Divide. Attention to mountain life was caused by 
the fact that about this time last year locusts came down from this 
region upon Colorado Springs in such numbers that for several nights 
it was deemed advisable to refrain from using the electric lights, in 
order that the nocturnal flights might not be attracted to the city. At 
that time some fears were entertained lest these insects might reach 
our borders. The species prevalent last year did not occur in undue 
numbers in this region this year. 

Since August 25th the field work of the department has been taken 
up with the inspection of nurseries and nursery stock. Twenty-five 
states in the Union have rigid laws requiring the inspection of all 
nursery stock billed to points within" their borders, hence it has 
become imperative that export nurserymen of this state should be 
enabled to accompany every bill of lading with an entomologist's 
certificate. 

It is the policy of the department during all of this work to deduce, 
from observations and experiments, facts of practical value to the 
farmers. Chief among these deductions may be mentioned the con- 
tinued success attending alfalfa culture. A number of years' study 
has led us to say that the conditions attending alfalfa are highly 
conducive to the undue multiplication of native grasshoppers. The 
eggs of this insect are laid in the ground in the alfalfa field in the late 
fall, and there remain till the late spring. The last two years' experi- 
ments have shown that the disk harrow, when applied as soon as the 
frost has left the ground in the spring, exposes these eggs to destruc- 
tion by birds, other insects, and climatic influences, so that in a three- 
hundred-and-twenty-acre plot, which was disked this year, it was 
impossible to find grasshoppers anywhere ; more especially was this 
the case in the central part of the field, where none had arrived, 
coming from the outside territory, while other plots not disked, near 
by, showed the effects of the presence of grasshoppers. This disking 



44 KANSAS. 

not only destroys the grasshoppers' eggs and prevents the appearance 
of the pest, but likewise increases the yield of the alfalfa more than 
one-third, and also removes the native grasses. In fact, unless the 
alfalfa in some of these localities is cultivated by means of the disk 
harrow the ground would be reclaimed by these hardy native grasses. 

Another point in connection with this subject is the mechanical 
benefits derived from the visits of bees to the alfalfa, and to the canta- 
loupes, which has been shown by studying alfalfa frequented by bees 
and alfalfa not frequented by bees. Comparing results, we found the 
alfalfa visited by bees contained two-thirds more seed than that not 
visited by them. In the melon-growing districts, before bees were 
introduced, the melons did not " set" early, and six melons were con- 
sidered a very good yield for a vine. Now it has been found, after 
several seasons with bees, that the very first blossoms produce melons, 
and that frequently a vine will yield twenty melons. 

The year has been very prosperous, speaking both from an agri- 
cultural and an entomological standpoint. Everywhere corn and 
forage crops have been superabundant, and at no place has there 
been any insect to cause serious depredations. A species of army 
worm has been present in some localities, but nowhere caused general 
destruction. Native grasshoppers have been troublesome in places, 
but in no cases have I found them so destructive as they were last 
year. In this connection I wish to mention a telegram which was 
sent out from Denver, under date of August 4th, announcing a confer- 
ence of entomologists — Bruner of Nebraska, Gillette of Colorado and 
myself — with a view of taking active measures against the impending 
onslaught of grasshoppers. Permit me to say that I was wholly una- 
ware of any such conference, or of any such condition, nor had I at that 
time had any correspondence with the parties named. I regretted 
such misrepresentations, and took the first opportunity' possible to 
correct it through the Associated Press. 

Last season the field report was issued in one volume of 192 pages, 
embracing both the scientific and practical results of the field work. 
The expense of placing such a book in the hands of those interested 
amounts to a very considerable sum. It has been deemed advisable this 
year to divide the work of the publication of the results, and place 
the technical, scientific part, in the Kansas University Quarterly, a 
paper devoted to such lines of investigation, and to place the part of 



KANSAS. 45 

practical, economic value to the farmer, couched in language easily 
comprehended by the average reader, in the form of circular letters 
treating upon the various subjects covered. These same lines of 
thought will be placed in the columns of the agricultural papers of the 
state, and in this way it is believed that each person directly inter- 
ested in any one line can be fully informed upon that one subject by 
means of the circular letter. Much information will also be sent out 
by direct correspondence in answer to inquiries received. 

S. J. HUNTER, 
Director of Field Biological Survey, Department of Entomology. 



SORGHUMS POPULAR WITH KANSAS STOCKMEN 



The returns of assessors to the Kansas Board of Agriculture show 
the acreage of Kafir corn to be 47,152 acres, or about 9 per cent greater 
than last year. The counties now having 10,000 acres and more are 
Greenwood with 33,085 acres, Lyon 27,246, Butler 26,768, Dickinson 
22,877, Pratt 19,862, Morris 18,643, Reno 16,815, Harper 16,003, Clay 
14,992, Osage 14,878, Kingman 11,921, Ellsworth 11,510, Coffey 10,847, 
Comanche, 10,358, and Russell 10,008. These fifteen counties comprise 
45-]^o per cent, or nearly one-half of the entire area of the crop in the 
state. In the remaining 90 counties the acreage ranges from 94 acres in 
Sherman county to 9,777 acres in Marion. An interesting feature in the 
returns is that the foremost corn counties, comprising 52 per cent of the 
total corn acreage, have 33 per cent of the total area of Kafir corn. 
The rapidity with which Kafir corn has found favor among feeders 
and farmers is demonstrated by the fact that seven years ago, when 
the crop was first reported to the State Board of Agriculture, there 
were but 46,941 acres, while the returns now give 582,895 acres, a mar- 
velous increase of 1,142 per cent, showing that it has taken rank 
among the most valued foods for live-stock in all sections of the state. 

Milo maize and Jerusalem corn, non-saccharine sorghums near kin 
to Kafir corn, and of no mean value, have for four years past steadily 
declined in acreage, the former about one-half, and the latter from 
32,000 to 3,715 acres. 

Saccharine sorghum, the running-mate of Kafir corn as a forage, 
shows a superb increase in acreage, rising from 388,259 acres last year 



46 KANSAS. 

to 448,791 this year, a gain of 60,532 acres, or ISj^o^ per cent. The 
leading sorghum-growing counties are Finney with 18,148 acres, Butler 
17,264, Barber 16,597, Cowley 11,540, Sumner 9,659, Marion 9,240, and 
Dickinson 9,032. Sorghum has made an annual average increase of 
nearly 20 per cent since 1893, when Kafir corn first came into promi- 
nence. 



SOME OF THE LATEST KANSAS FIGURES. 



POPULATION. 

The population of the State in 1900 is 1,470,495, as compared with 
a population in 1890 of 1,427,096, representing an increase during 
the decade of 43,399, or 3.0 per cent. The population for 1900 is 
more than thirteen times as large as the population given for 1860, 
the first year in which its population appears in the census report. 

CATTLE. 

There is a net increase over 1898 on all cattle (milch cows included), 
of 282,003 head, or 10i^o% per cent, making the number for the state 
this year 2,886,068. 

The total number of milch cows in the state is 684,182, an increase 
of 78,257, or 12i\ per cent. 

The number of cattle other than cows is the largest Kansas ever has 
had, and for the first time in the history of the state has passed the 
2,000,000 mark ; in the last four years the number has increased nearly 
1,000,000, or 75 per cent. This year's gain over 1898 is 203 746, or 
10-nfo per cent, making a total of 2,201,886. 

OTHER LIVE-STOCK. 

Assessors report 796,866 head of horses this year as against 777,828 
in 1898, making an increase of 19,038, or 2iVo per cent. 

Mules and asses have made an increase of 3,615, or 4-iifo- per cent, 
and this year's total is 87,838. 

The net increase in sheep is 24,557, or lli^o% per cent, making the 
total for the state 232,039. 



KANSAS. 47 

The only decrease in live-stock is reported in swine, having lost 
425,079, or 15-i^o^ per cent. This year's total is 2,340,992. 

DAIRY STATISTICS. 

The year's aggregate value of butter and cheese made, and milk 
sold for other purposes is $6,643,058, the largest in the history of the 
state, being 9i^o- more than last year, and 11,383,306 or 26i^ per cent 
more than the year before. 

The total quantity of butter reported is 43,757,767 pounds, an 
increase over last year of 2,306,786 pounds, or Sj^ifo per cent. Of this, 
59 per cent, or 25,809,112 pounds, was made in families, and 41 percent 
or 17,948,645 pounds in creameries. The value of the product from 
families is $2,839,003, and from creameries $3,051,269, making a total 
for the state of $5,890,272, or lOiVo per cent greater than in 1898. 

The quantity of cheese reported is 1,163,680 pounds, and its total 
value is $104,731. Of the entire quantity produced 200,922 pounds were 
made in families, and 962,758 pounds in factories. 

The value of milk sold for other purposes than making butter and 
cheese was $648,054, or Snro more than last year, and lli^o\ per cent 
more than the year before. 

MEATS AND EGGS. 

For animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter the total exceeds 
$50,500,000, which is 1,500,000 or 3 per cent more than in the previous 
year. In 1896 the value was $36,592,057; in 1897, $37,781,678; in 1898, 
$49,123,517, the total for the four years' surplus being $174,031,049. 
This year's value is the largest ever reported, and an increase over the 
figures for 1896 of nearly $14,000,000. 

The value of poultry and eggs marketed during the year was 
$4,241,869, an increase of $96,136, or 2^0^ per cent, also the largest 
yearly amount ever returned for the State. 

SOME OF THE OTHER PRODUCTS. 
Garden products sold amounted to $700,745. 

Value of horticultural products sold, $523,445, and the value of wood 
marketed is $125,125. 

LAST YEAR'S GRAINS STILL ON HAND. 
Corn, 37,697,840 bushels; wheat, 8,906,844 bushels. 



48 KANSAS. 

SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS. 

Corn: Acreage, 8,234,560. 

Winter Wheat: The area sown to winter wheat was 4,796,129 
acres. Now that the crop has been harvested, the Board's correspond- 
ents judge by the threshing so far done that the yield for the state will 
be 37,231,784 bushels. 



ONLY A FAIR SAMPLE OF WHAT KANSAS CAN DO — WHEN SHE TRIES. 

[The above is a life-like picture of Mr. J. H. Smith, editor and proprietor of .he 
Downs Times. He went into his garden to gather roasting ears for a family Sunday- 
dinner, and upon investigation found that one ear of corn vrould be sufficient for the 
meal, and as he shouldered the ear and started for the house a camera fiend took a shot 
at him. We are under obligations to Mr. Smith for the use of the cut.— From Beloit 
Times, August 31, 1899.] 

Spring Wheat: To spring wheat 192,868 acres were sown, or nearly 
40 per cent more than last year, with a yield of 975,436 bushels. 

Rye: Acres, 151,542; yield, 1,600,533 bushels. 

Oats: Acres, 944,434; yield, 27,338,425 bushels, or the largest since 
1895. Yield per acre, 28i^o% bushels. The total acreage is 110,466 
acres, or 10-i^oV per cent less than last year, while the increase in yield 
is 5,635 888 bushels, or 25-/o^o- per cent. 



KANSAS. 49 

Barley: The area sown was 257,331 acres; an increase from last 
year of 134,619 acres, or 109fo per cent; the yield is 3,542,220 bushels, 
or 770,706 bushels more than last year. 

Flax: Acres, 179,711; yield, 1,291,073 bushels; yield per acre, 7-]Yo 
bushels. 

Kafir Corn: Acreage 47,152, or about 9 per cent greater than last 
year. 

Sorghum, for forage : 448,791 acres, a gain of 60,532 acres over last 
year, or 15-iVo" per cent. 

Alfalfa: Acreage 278,477, an increase of 46,929 acres, or 20 per 
cent above one year ago. 

The above figures of population, live-stock, and values, except of 
butter and cheese, along with the acreages of the different crops, are 
the sworn returns of assessors to the Kansas Department of 'Agricul- 
ture, while the figures of yields arrived at represent a consensus of 
estimates by careful observers directly on and familiar with the 
ground, and of course are only preliminary and subject to some varia- 
tions up or down when threshing is completed. 

F. D. COBURN, 

Secretary, State Board of Agriculture. 



TEN YEARS OF KANSAS FARMING. 

So much has been said in the press of the country of the extraordinary 
crops and prosperity of Kansas in the last six months, that Secretary 
Coburn has prepared a statement of the yields and values of crops, live- 
stock, etc., for the last ten years, in detail, and at the end a summary 
aggregating the total values for the decade. Believing that this tabu- 
lated statement will be not only interesting, but valuable, it is printed 
in full, together with the Secretary's statement of the dairying business 
during the same period. 

There are several significant figures in this report, indicating the won- 
derful wealth-producing capacities of this favored State, and among them 
we call attention to the fact that the high values this last year were not 
at all due to extraordinary crops, but to good prices ; and furthermore, 
that the prices were not extraordinary, excepting as compared with the 
last three or four years. 



50 



KANSAS. 



Without going into detailed comparisons to emphasize this point, it is 
enough to note what will surprise many of the eastern friends of the 
State, that while the value of the wheat crop last year was nearly 50 per 
cent above the average of the last ten years, it was 25 per cent less than 
that of the '91 crop, and 12>^ per cent less than the '92 crop ; and that 
while the year, as a whole, justifiies all the favorable things being said 




HAULING GRAIN TO MARKET. 

about Kansas in the newspapers of the country, yet, as a matter of fact, 
it was only an average year, after all. 

Taking all the agricultural crops of the State, and the live-stock pro- 
duced during the year, the total value is reported at 136J million dollars. 
For the entire ten years, the aggregate values were 1,363 millions, or 
136J millions a year — in other words, 1897 was exactly an average crop 
for the entire period since 1887. 

The phenomenal event of the year was the payment of mortgage debt; 
and it was assumed that this was due to the fact that Kansas had at last 
harvested a good yield of crops. But the truth is that it is due to the 
harvesting of a big wheat crop in the section of the State west of the 
center, that has been most heavily mortgaged and has been least able, 



KANSAS. 61 

up to this time, to make any material reduction at any one time in its 
debts. The State east of the middle line always harvests a good crop, 
and has always taken care of its indebtedness. The great harvests of 
1897 were nothing unusual or sensational, so far as the eastern half of 
Kansas is concerned. They were just a trifle under the average. 

Eastern creditors of the State, who have gained the impression that it 
is likely to be another decade before Kansas repeats the achievements 
of 1897, might profitably examine this detailed report of the last ten 
years' productions in quantities and values. If 1897 has enabled Kansas 
farmers to pay off from 25 to 30 millions of mortgage debt, being but an 
average year all told, it is clear that this State is abundantly able to take 
care of herself, and of her obligations, under almost any conceivable 
circumstances. 

Dividing the last ten years into two five-year periods, a remarkable 
contrast appears between the capacities of the farmers in years of ordi- 
nary business prosperity, with a normal American market and normal 
prices, and years of industrial depression. Kansas, in this period, has 
never suffered a failure of any two principal crops in any one year. 
When her wheat has been poor^ either her corn has been good, or her 
live stock has made up the deficiency. Whatever wide discrepancy may 
appear in comparing one year or one series of years with another, is not 
due to failure of her soil, but to the condition of the industries of the 
country, and of the markets and prices. Taking the first five of the last 
ten years, 1888 to 1892 inclusive, the average aggregate values of agricul- 
tural products and live-stock in this State amounted to $150,000,000 per 
annum ; while for the last five years, including 1897, the average values 
were but $123,000,000. The excess of the first five over the last five 
years was $130,000,000, or nearly a full average year's returns. The 
yearly excess was $26,000,000, which exceeds the average value of a 
year's wheat crop, wheat having averaged, in the last ten years 
$21,000,000. 

Secretary Coburn's summary of these ten years will tend to correct 
the impression that 1897 was one year in a century, or in a decade, for 
Kansas. It was, in fact, a good year for Western Kansas, a rather poor 
year for Eastern Kansas, and an average year for the State as a whole. 
It is more than likely that Kansas will do better in 1898 than in 1897. 

— Topeka Daily Capital, January 8, 1898. 



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KANSAS, 



55 



, Yields of , 

Wheat. 

Winter and spring. Corn. Oats. Rye. 

Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels, 

1888 16,724,717 168,754,087 54,665,055 3,199,110 

1889 35,319,851 273,888,321 47,922,889 5,850,080 

1890 28,801,214 51,090,229 29,175,582 2,274,879 

1891 58,550,653 139,363,991 39,904,443 5,443,030 

1892 74,538,906 138,658,621 43,722,484 4,042,613 

1893 24,827,523 118,624,369 28,194,717 1,063,019 

1894 28,205,700 66,952,833 18,385,469 978,658 

1895 16,001,060 201,457,396 31,664,748 1,655,713 

1896 27,754,888 221,419,414 19,314,772 998,897 

1897 51,026,604 152,140,993 23,431,273 1,661,662 

Totals 361,751,116 1,532,350,254 336,381,432 27,167,661 

Yearly averages 36,175,111 153,235,025 33,638,143 2,716,766 



DAIRY PRODUCTS. 

Table showing values of butter, cheese and milk sold (milk other than 
for butter and cheese) for a term of 10 years — 1888-1897: 

Years. Values, 

1888 $ 5,094,674 

1889 4,451,927 

1890 4,145,555 

1891 4,958,961 

1892 4,665,497 

1893 4,846,738 

1894 4,870,480 



Years. Values. 

1895 1 4,510,631 

1896 < 4,937 885 

1897 5,259,752 



Total $47,742,100 

Annual average value.. $4,774,210 



LIVE STOCK. 



This interest is the principal source of wealth in the State, through 
which is marketed millions of bushels of corn and oats', thousands of 
tons of hay, sorghum and millet. It was this industry that first brought 
Kansas to the front as early as 1880, and it is this, to-day, which is build- 
ing up the great city of Wichita, and making within the borders of 
Kansas a large commercial center and packing point. The acceptance 
of the principle, that the packing establishments must be near the source 
of supply, has brought to Wichita, from Kansas City, Jacob Dold & Sons, 
and from St. Louis, Francis Whittaker & Son, two of the largest packing 
firms in the United States, who have erected plants in this city with a 
combined capacity of 10,000 hogs and 5,000 head of cattle and sheep per 
day. The same reason compelled Armour, Swift and others to branch 
out from Chicago and eastern points to Kansas City and Omaha. They 
must now press farther west into Kansas and Texas, whence come the 
vast supply of cattle and hogs, and their objective point must necessarily 



56 KANSAS. 

be Wichita, the city that controls the entire territory between the 
Missouri river and the Rocky Mountains. The larger portion of the 
packing products of Wichita find their market in the south and west of 
this point. One of the leading meat packers recently said that Kansas 
was to be the great feeding pens for all the Western and Southern 
pastures. 

The following abstract of the live stock interests of the State shows 
the gradual progress to its present enormous proportion : 

^--" Caufe. ciws. ^wine. Sheep. Horses. ^ules, 

1870 250,527 122,000 206,587 109,088 117,786 11,786 

1882 971,116 443,381 1,228,683 978,077 398,678 56,654 

1883 1,113,154 471,543 1,393,968 1,154,196 423,425 59,262 

1884 1,328,021 530,904 1,953,144 1,205,267 461,136 64,809 

1885 1,002,920 575,928 2,461,522 875,193 513,830 75,177 

1886 1,462,736 627,481 1,965,149 652.144 572,059 83,642 

1887 1,568,628 692,858 1,847,394 538,767 648,037 89,957 

1888 1,619,849 742,639 1,433,245 492,744 700,723 92,445 

1889 2,000,000 825,000 2,500,000 300,000 750,000 100,000 

1890 1,696,081 674,705 2,192,231 281,654 716,459 78,346 

1891 1,770,591 690,611 2,085,875 260,558 776,533 77,170 

1892 1,708,368 631,836 1,605,098 240,568 804,923 88,585 

To illustrate the magnitude of this interest, the following table is giveii; 
showing the value of live stock and live stock products : 

Value of Value of Live- 

Year. Live-Stock. Stock Products. 

1885 $118,071,808 00 $37,130,647 06 

1886 129,559,527 00 35,350,525 62 

1887 126,558,042 00 37,545,263 74 

1888 131.830,778 00 37,284,447 67 

1889 116,191,465 00 40,762,488 62 

1890 113,533,342 00 39,998,285 04 

1891 117.674,961 00 45.724,709 21 

1892 109.024,141 00 42,853,835 68 

1893 98,266.668 00 51.225,617 55 

1894 78,738,754 00 50,708,714 08 

1895 72,939,258 00 48,591.362 97 

1896 73,565,900 00 45,210,214 63 

1897 94,074,885 00 46,983,922 86 

From which it may readily be seen that Kansas is specially fitted for 
the stockman ; with its good pasture, lasting the year round, and its open 
climate, the industry is fostered as in no other State. The development 
of home markets and the growing of large crops have made it the 
profitable occupation of to-day. 



KANSAS. 



57 



TREES AND SHRUBS. 

Consider this list of trees and shrubs indigenous to Kansas soil. It 
has been prepared by Professor Kellerman, of the State Agricultural 
College, and is believed to be very full and correct. The common and 
not the botanical names are given as being more readily recognized : 



Papaw. 

Prickly ash. 

Basswood. 

Water ash. 

Holly. 

Burning bush. 

Indian cherry 

Buckeye — foetid, sweet. 

Soapberry. 

Maple — sugar, soft. red. 

Box elder. 

Sumach— dwarf, poison. 

Black locust. 

Red bud. 

Plum or cherry — wild or Canada 

plum, hog plum, wild black 

cherry. 
American crab apple. 
Thorn — cockspur, red haw, black, 

gray, service berry. 
Bemuld — gum elastic, Southern 

blackthorn. 
Persimmon. 



Ash — red, white, green and blue. 

Catalpa— bean tree, Western. 

Sassafras. 

Elm — red, white-winged. 

Hackberry. 

Red mulberry. 

Osage orange. 

Sycamore. 

Walnut — white, black. 

Hickory— shellbark, big shellbark, 

black, pignut, swamp, bitter 

pecan. 
Oak — white, burr, swamp, black, 

yellow, jack pin, laurel. 
Ironwood. 
Water beech. 
Birch. 
Willow — black, long-leafed, gla- 

cous, heart-leafed. 
Poplar. 
Cottonwood. 
Juniper. 
Yellow pine. 



WILD FLOWERS. 

First among the flowers comes the Tacca Filamentasa, with its strong 
stalk, with thick, clustering, large white blossoms. It is growing rare 
with advancing civilization, but it still blooms in Kansas, and sheds its 
delightful fragrance. White Poppy, Golden Evening Primrose, Spring 
Cactus, Canterbury Bells, blue and white, Monk's Hood, Acacia, Wild 
Roses, St. John's Wort, Golden Rod, Dark Purple Asters, and the " daisy 
of the prairies, which blooms in red, white and blue," form only a 
partial list of the indigenous wild flowers found in this favored State. 



58 KANSAS. 

TAME GRASSES. 

The native grasses of Kansas number more than one hundred varieties. 
No part of America is more richly blessed in this respect. When 
Corcnado, the Spaniard, first set foot on the plains of Kansas, leading his 
band of adventurers in search of the country of Quivera and its fabled 
cities of gold, he found the plains covered with buffalo, tranquilly graz- 
ing on the rich grasses. The bufialo, mesquite and gamma grasses, the 
products of a dry climate, have gradually disappeared from the eastern 
portion of the State, where advancing civilization, or some other cause, 
beyond the ken of mortals, has brought a steadily increasing rainfall. 
The coarser " blue stem " is now the dominant grass for a distance of 20C 
miles west from the Missouri river. It is a strong, vigorous growth, and, 
in the bottoms', grows very tall — higher than a man's head. Cattle 
graze upon it eagerly, and it yields from one to three tons of hay per 
acre. In the center of the State the bufialo and the mesquite still com- 
pete for supremacy with the blue stem, but the wild grasses are steadily 
giving way. In the western portion of the State, the short grasses pre- 
dominate, and furnish the very best pasturage known in the grazing 
world. They spring into life in March or April and grow until the suns 
of July and August dry them on the ground. They are the only grasses 
which furnish perpetual pasturage. In the old days the bufialo lived 
and throve on them, and, to-day, cattle, sheep, horses, mules, deer, and 
antelope subsist upon them all the year round. 

Western Kansas is the heart and center of the old bufialo range, and 
it is, to-day, the finest grazing and herding ground on earth. 

ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 

Fruit culture generally comes a little late in the development of a new 
State, but in Kansas the climate and soil were so especially adapted to 
the growth of fruits that no time has been lost, and the extent of fruit 
culture in Eastern and Central Kansas is a matter of surprise to 
strangers. No section of country, from the Atlantic to the mountains, 
gives more prolific crops of fine fruits than Kansas. Here is the list of 
successfully grown fruits : Apples, peaches, grapes, apricots, raspberries, 
pears, cherries, plums, nectarines, blackberries, strawberries. 

The quality of Kansas fruits also deserves comment, for they are 
admittedly of fine flavor and beautiful appearance. Note this partial 
list of medals and awards won by Kansas fruit exhibits : 

Great golden medal of National Pomological Society "for a collection 
of fruits, unsurpassed for size, perfection and flavor." Philadelphia, 1869. 



KANSAS. 



59 



Highest premium, American Pomological Society for '* largest and 
best display of fruit, unequaled in size, beauty and elegance." Rich- 
mond, Va., 1871. Medals and diplomas from Pennsylvania Horticul- 




tural Society, St. Louis Fair, New York State Fair (Albany), New 
Hampshire Agricultural Society, New England Fair (Lowell, Mass.)» 
Illinois State Fair, Minnesota State Fair, and many, others. 



60 KANSAS. 

THE SUGAR INDUSTRY. 

By legislative enactment, a bounty of three-quarters of a cent per 
pound is paid upon all sugar manufactured in the state. During the 
year 1891, three sugar factories were operated in Kansas — one at Medi- 
cine Lodge, one at Fort Scott and one at Topeka. Four thousand 
acres of land were planted in sorghum for the use of these factories, 
and 1,078,245 pounds of sugar were manufactured. The results obtained 
at Fort Scott warrant State Sugar Inspector Kellogg in declaring that 
the business can be successfully conducted when the required con- 
ditions are fully complied with. 

THE DAIRY INDUSTRY IN KANSAS. 

Not so many years ago, it was thought that the Eastern States, New 
England and New York, with the great dairy portion of Ohio added, 
could supply the entire American demand for dairy products. The 
conditions of the West and the South were considered unsuited to this 
industry. 

When the development of the manufacturing and commercial 
interests of the East became such that that section could no longer 
supply the demand, it was found that the West could afford as good 
natural pasturage as any part of the United States, and the "dairy 
belt" was extended to take in the country west of the Mississippi 
river. Many ideas about what were the necessaries of correct dairying 
have been overthrown, and the result is that it is generally admitted 
that the modern fast freight has overcome all difficulties of distance 
frona market, that water from wells and cisterns, raised to the surface 
by windmill power, fulfils all requirements formerly thought to be met 
only by running springs, that power or hand separators on the farm 
obviate the necessity for a farm ice supply, and last, that far more cow 
feed can be grown on an acre in corn, sorghum, millet, or cow-peas, 
than can be produced in pasture grass, and that winter dairying under 
these conditions is more profitable than summer dairying. 

The world has learned that in the State of Kansas can be produced a 
large part of its supply of butter, of a quality, and at a price, that 
defies competition. The geographical position of the State is 



KANSAS. 61 

unexcelled for a dairy region, as the rigors of the Northern winter, and 
the ill effects of the heat farther south are both avoided. And a fur- 
ther advantage, and a great one, is found in the fact that good markets 
for the products are found in all directions. As a matter of fact, the 
home market is never fully supplied. The city of St. Louis alone uses 
hundreds of tons of butter shipped in from Eastern and other States. 
Also, the great mills of this latter city, working up the flax and cotton 
of the adjacent States, gives the farmer the benefit of the oil meals for 
stock at the lowest possible prices. 

The creameries of Kansas are to be found for the most part in the 
eastern and the central-eastern part of the State, but are being 
rapidly established farther westward. In a few years the whole State 
will be dotted with creameries. 

Statistics in regard to the dairy products of the State will be found 
in the back part of this pamphlet, to which the reader is referred for a 
detailed statement of the amount of the interests here. 

The eastern part of Kansas undoubtedly offers superior advantages 
to the dairyman from the East, who will find here all conditions 
necessary for the successful carrying on of the business. 



KANSAS SALT. 

The Kansas salt beds are of importance, not to the State of Kansas 
alone, but to the entire country. When Kansas salt first entered the 
market, in 1888, it was worth $1.22 a barrel at the factory; in 1897, the 
average price for the same salt, at the Kansas factories, was but little 
more than thirty cents a barrel. This reduction in the price, since 
1888, has been gradual, though somewhat irregular. The citizens of 
the State, and of the surrounding territory, reap the benefit of the 
reduction. 

The United States, at the present time, uses about 15,000,000 barrels 
of salt per annum, and of this quantity, the Kansas salt fields produce 
eight and one-half per cent. So large a production in one locality, 
which only a few years ago produced nothing, has materially affected 
the salt trade over the entire country. It has supplied salt, not only 



62 KANSAS. 

to the State of Kansas, but to the surrounding States, thereby prevent- 
ing shipment from the Eastern mines into a large territory formerly 
supplied entirely from without. It has in this way not only reduced 
the price of salt in Kansas, Iowa, Missouri and Texas, but has been, 
at the same time, an important factor in reducing the price of salt 
everywhere else in America. The subjoined tables show this more 
clearly than can be given here. 

The Salt Mining Area. — The exact limits of the Kansas salt 
deposits are not known. At the present writing, the only factories 
in operation are located in the vicinity of Hutchinson, and at Lyons 
and at Kanopolis. 

The first discovery was made at Wellington, where the beds were 
reached at a depth of 250 feet. Although the eastern limit of these 
particular deposits is probably not far from Wellington, the northern 
limit is not known, salt having been found as far north as any deep 
wells have been sunk in prospecting for it, and from the geologic 
conditions, it is evident that salt exists under vast areas westward 
from the places at which it is now mined. A conservative estimate 
places the total area underlaid by salt at not less than 15,000 square 
miles. 

In addition to this, the coal measure shales, farther to the east, 
furnish a strong brine, sufficient to manufacture unlimited quantities 
of salt. Such a factory was started at El Dorado a few years ago, the 
operator pumping water from a deep well, which brought the brine 
from the coal measure shales. With the price of salt as high as it was 
in 1888, and had been for many years previous, such manufacturing 
could be conducted at a profit. 

Geology of the Salt Mining Aeea.— The salt beds of Hutchinson, 
Kanopolis and Lyons, are located in the Permian formation. The 
wells pass through the surface material, differing in thickness and 
character in different places, and then enter the Permian shales. At 
Lyons, at a depth of about 650 feet, the rock salt is first reached, from 
which point it is interbedded with shale for about 400 feet. Some of 
the salt layers are from 20 to 30 feet in thickness, while others are very 
thin, some not being more than an inch in thickness. Throughout 
this 400 feet, two-thirds of the thickness is salt. 



64 KANSAS. 

At Lyons, the company is working on the thickest layer they have 
yet found, which is 26 feet, lying at a depth of 1,000 feet, and though 
there are here and there a few splashes of shale impurities, the salt is 
almost chemically pure, having shown, on analysis, as high as 99.97 per 
cent pure salt. The conditions at Kanopolis, Little River, Kingman, 
and elsewhere, are similar to those at Lyons. 

In the vicinity of Hutchinson, where the salt is dissolved Uxider- 
ground, it is somewhat more difficult to determine the exact under- 
ground conditions, our knowledge of the subject being obtained from 
the records of the various wells which have been drilled into the salt 
beds. 

There is abundant evidence that, during Permian time, large bodies 
of ocean water were cut off from the main ocean, and were evaporated 
almost to dryness, so that salt was precipitated from the concentrated 
ocean brines. Throughout the same period, during the rainy seasons, 
various drainage channels carried earthy sediments down into the 
water, so that the sediments were spread out over the bottom, and 
mixed with the salt. 

Manufacturing Processes. — Two kinds of salt are sent into the 
market from the Kansas salt fields, rock salt, and evaporated salt. 
Kock salt was formerly mined at three places, Kingman, Lyons and 
Kanopolis. The Kingman mine has been abandoned for some years, 
as the demand for rock salt was not sufficient to justify the operation 
of so many producing shafts. 

The shafts for mining rock salt are similar to the shafts used for 
coal, or shafts in other mining localities. When the particular layer of 
salt that is desired is reached, it is quarried out in the same general 
manner as coal. The salt is undercut, and wedged or blasted down, 
great rooms being opened, with occasional pillars left to support the 
roof. The masses of rock salt are then hoisted to the surface, graded 
and crushed to whatever degree of fineness is desired for the market 
to which it is to be sent. 

In the manufacture of evaporated salt, a hole is drilled to the salt 
beds, and two pipes inserted. The outer pipe fits the opening of the 
well snugly, so that water does not pass on the outside of the pipe. The 



KANSAS. 65 

inner pipe is smaller, and allows water to pass between it and the outer 
pipe. One of these pipes passes down to the particular part of the salt 
beds to be dissolved, and the other one to near the bottom of the mine. 
Water is now forced down the shorter pipe, and allowed to stand for 
some hours, until it has dissolved enough salt to saturate it. The 
strong brine, being stronger than the fresh water, settles to the bottom 
of the opening made by the dissolving out of the salt. When pumps 
are applied to the shorter pipe, the extra pressure causes the strong 
brine from the bottom of the mine to be forced up through the longer 
pipe. The strong brine is placed in pans or vats, and evaporated by 
artificial heat. Different companies make specialties of the different 
grades of this evaporated salt. 

Kansas Salt Commercially. — The Territory reached by Kansas salt 
is as extensive as the United States. The domestic consumption in 
Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri and Iowa, is supplied almost exclusively 
from the Kansan fields, while the higher grades of Kansan table-salt 
has become noted for its great purity and non-caking qualities through- 
out the entire United States. 

The salt industry of Kansas was prosperous during the year 
1899. The total production was 2,172,000 barrels, an amount 
greater than ever before produced in one year. Prices also were 
belter than they had been for three years, the average being thirty- 
five cents a barrel, making a total valuation of $760,200, exclusive 
of cooperage, or $1,183,740 with cooperage. 

The market demand for evaporated salt continues much greater 
than for rock salt, although the demand for the latter remains 
about constant. Nearly all the evaporated salt was made at Hutch- 
inson, while the rock salt came principally from Lyons and Kan- 
opolis. The old mines at Kingman have recently been reopened 
and are now supplying salt to the general markets. The factory 
at Solomon, using the solar process, was fairly active during the 
year, producing about the usual tonnage. 

At Hutchinson the following companies are making evaporated 
salt, the Kansas Salt Company having consolidated with the Hutch- 
inson Salt Company during the year: Hutchinson-Kansas Salt Com- 
pany, Hutchinson Packing Company, Barton Salt Company, Jay- 
Morton Salt Company, and the Union Salt and Ice Company. 



KANSAS 



The following table shows the total State output for the year, 
and also since the salt industry first began in the State: 

TABLE SHOWING AMOUNT AND VALUE OF KANSAS SALT 
PRODUCTION FROM 1888 TO 1899, INCLUSIVE. 

Statistics for 1888 to 1896, inclusive, from United States Geological 
Survey Reports. 



Year. Barrels. 

1888 155,000 

1889 450,000 

1890 882.660 

1891 855,536 

1892 1,480,100 

1893 1,277.180 

1894 1,382,409 

1895 1,341,617 

1896 1,347,793 

1897 1,224,980 

1898 1,810.809 

1899* 2,172,000 

Totals 14.380,090 



Average price. 
$1,219 
.45 
.45 
.357 
.523 
.369 
.383 
.36 
.31 
.34 
.27 
.35 



Value. 

$189,000 00 

202,500 00 

397.199 00 
304,775 00 
773.989 00 
471,543 00 
529,392 00 
483,701 00 
519,475 00 
417,626 94 
489,454 23 

760.200 00 

$5,538,855 17 



* Cooperage in 1899 is reported at about twenty-six cents a barrel, and in other years 
at proportional rates, which should be added to above totals to give a correct idea of 
the magnitude of the salt industry. 



KANSAS. 67 



LEAD AND ZINC. 



The development of vast deposits of valuable lead and zinc ores in 
Southeast Kansas, succeeding the discovery of inexhaustible fields of 
coal in close proximity, has proven one of the most potent agencies in 
bringing Kansas before the scientific and commercial world, in that it 
opened up a new field for the expenditure of energy, and a safe investment 
to capital ; placed Kansas in the category of mineral and metal-produc- 
ing States of the Union, and added another jewel to Uncle Sam's crown 
by building up, in the midst of these great stores of nature, one of the 
largest zinc-producing cities in the world — Pittsburgh, Kansas. Early in 
the development of these mineral deposits it was discovered that only 
the richest ores could be handled, owing to the cost of transportation ; 
in fact, notwithstanding the care and labor expended in concentrating 
the ores, it dawned upon the mine owners that their " dumps" of low 
grade ore were growing to enormous proportions, and finally became a 
burden. It was then they cast about to secure a nearer market, and, 
with the inducement of cheap fuel at their very doors to off^er, capitalists 
were persuaded to erect smelters to reduce their product to spelter, or 
commercial pig zinc. At first it was no less than an experiment, but the 
obstacles were overcome in time, and, in consequence, there are now in 
the district nine immense zinc-smelting plants, operating in the aggregate 
fifty-eight furnaces, which have a daily capacity of handling and reducing 
400,000 pounds of ore, which yield a product of 135,000 pounds of 
spelter. Of these smelters six are in Pittsburgh and one each in Weir 
City, Scammonville and Girard, the latter two with capacities of six and 
two furnaces respectively, while the Weir City plant is the largest zinc 
smelter in the United States, operating as it does six blocks, or twelve 
furnaces, and turning out 50,000 pounds of zinc spelter daily. Weir City 
and Pittsburgh are in the center of this rich coal and mineral bearing 
area. 

Pittsburgh has become a railway center second to few in the West, 
through these agencies, and the additional advantages held out by an 
inexhaustible supply of cheap fuel, which has brought numerous manu- 
facturing industries within her gates, with others continuously knocking 
for admission ; for with these lines of railway ramifying in every direc- 
tion, bringing raw material from, and distributing manufactured articles 
throughout Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Indian Twritory and the great 



68 KANSAS. 

West, a field is drained of its staples, and a market created for the 
products of the factories exceeding in value any possessed by a new 
State. 

A decade ago Pittsburgh was struggling for an existence, to-day she 
has a population of 10,000. The product of the coal mines surrounding 
her, until a few years ago, was nominal, while the mines adjoining the 
coal belt on the south were in their infancy, to-day three thousand men 
are employed in the Pittsburgh coal mines, several hundred in the 
vicinity of Weir City, over a thousand in the zinc mines, and as many 
in the smelters of Pittsburgh and Weir City alone; yet neither the coal 
fields nor mineral deposits are fully developed, in many places hardly 
prospected. 

The need for additional smelters is becoming more apparent daily ; 
indeed, so apparent has it become that the Weir City Smelting Company 
is arranging to double the capacity of their Pittsburgh plant as soon as 
practicable. Mr. A. W. Gifibrd, one of the best authorities on mining 
and smelting in the West, has prepared some interesting figures regarding 
the earnings of the smelting plants of Pittsburgh and. illustrative of what 
the investment of capital in this field would bring. Taking as a basis 
a capital of $100,000, he demonstrates the fact that, by using one-half the 
sum to construct a plant of eight furnaces, and reserving the balance 
for operating expenses, it would yield a thirty per cent dividend 
annually on the investment. Thus he reasons : Daily expenses, twenty- 
five tons ore at $23 per ton, $575 ; twenty-five tons fuel at fifty cents per 
ton, $37.50 ; repairs, supplies, and office expenses, $35 ; pay roll, $170 ; 
total, $817.50. Output, 20,000 pounds spelter at 4^ cents, $900. Net daily 
profit, $82.50, or for 365 days, $30,112.50. These figures are based on 
actual earnings of other plants. Mr. Giff'ord stakes his reputation upon 
the correctness of these calculations, and as his reputation as a careful 
and conservative man and an expert is beyond question, the estimate is 
worthy of notice. Mr. Giffbrd has made very thorough investigations 
of these subjects and would be glad to give the benefit of his researches 
to all inquiring. 

That the business is safe and profitable is evidenced by the fact of the 
Pittsburgh and St. Louis works adding six furnaces to their plant, the 
Granby adding two, and the Weir City Company planning to add four 
to their Pittsburgh plant, while no less than three companies have been 
organized for the purpose of each erecting eight furnace plants in 



70 KANSAS. 

Pittsburgh. In addition to these new movements it is proposed to put in 
one of the largest zinc rolling mills in the country here, in order to more 
cheaply handle the products of the smelters. Already over 30 per cent 
of the zinc ores of the United States are smelted in this district, and, 
with the construction of this proposed rolling mill, additional smelting 
works will be put in at Pittsburgh with sufficient capacity to handle every 
pound of zinc ore produced in Kansas, Missouri and Arkansas, where 
over 60 per cent of the entire output of the United States is secured. 

Pittsburgh has recently added another star to her escutcheon, by 
securing the first plant of the Chick short-method process of smelting 
gold and silver ores ever put into active operation. The secret of profit- 
ably handling base clay and other refractory ores has been sought 
since scientific research was begun, but it was left for Mr. George H. 
Chick, one of the most practical and best informed chemists and mining 
men in the United States, to discover the secret, and it is the application 
of this secret that is working a revolution in the mining world of to-day. 
To Mr. Frank Playter, who has large coal interests near Pittsburgh, 
and Mr. Gifi"ord, who is largely interested in mines in the republic of 
Mexico, is due much of the credit of securing to Pittsburgh this plant. 
True, Mr. Playter has fuel to sell, and Mr. Gifibrd, ore that must be worked 
by this process ; while they may be benefited, hundreds of others will 
also. That the plant has proven a grand success will be understood, 
when it is explained that it has been in operation but four months, and, 
although it has but twelve furnaces, it has paid a monthly dividend of 
5 per cent to its stockholders. So successful has been the plant that it 
has been determined by the directory to immediately increase the 
capacity of the works by adding fifty furnaces to the twelve now in 
operation, thus securing a capacity for handling 100 tons of ore daily. It 
is needless to say that the stockholders of this enterprise are more than 
gratified with the success attained, for the directory is receiving urgent 
propositions from different parts of the United States and from foreign 
countries, toward securing plants to treat their refractory ores by this 
process. 



KANSAS, 



71 



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72 



KANSAS. 



TABLE SHOWING AMOUNT AND VALUE OF METALLIC ZINC PKODUCED AT 

KANSAS SMELTERS, 1882 TO 1899, INCLUSIVE. 



Price per ton in New York, 
(Data 1882 to 1896 from United States Geological Survey statistics.) 



Year. 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

Total for 18 years.. 
Estimation of zinc smelted 

Grand total 



Amount 


Price 


in short tons 


per ton in 
New York. 


(2,000 lbs.) 


7,366 


1110 60 


9,010 


90 60 


7,859 


89 60 


8,502 


86 80 


8,932 


87 90 


11,955 


92 80 


10,432 


98 34 


13,658 


100 20 


15,199 


108 75 


22,747 


108 82 


24,715 


89 78 


22,815 


80 37h 


25,588 


70 43 


25,775 


71 04 


20,759 


79 70 


33,443 


82 40 


38,543 


91 40 


52.664 


115 00 



previous to 1882. 



Total value. 

$ 814,679 60 

816,306 00 

704,466 40 

737,973 60 

785,122 8 J 

1,109,424 00 

1,025,902 88 

1,368,531 60 

1,652,891 25 

2,475,336 96 

2,218,912 70 

1,733,755 63 

1,902,162 84 

1,831,056 00 

1,653,592 30 

2,755,703 20 

3,508,524 27 

6,056,360 00 

$33,149,702 03 

2.575,000 00 

$35,724,702 03 



SHOWING OUTPUT OF LEAD AND ZINC ORES, GALENA DISTRICT, CHEROKEE 
COUNTY, KANSAS. 

From January 1, 1886, to December 31, 1897. 





Zinc Ore. 


Lead Ore. 




Year. 


Tons, 

2000 lbs. 


Average 






Average 




Total value 
of output. 




price 
per ton. 


"Value. 


Pounds. 


price per 
lUOO lbs. 


Value. 


1886 


31,768 


$18 50 


$587,708 00 


5,924,284 


$29 50 


$174,766 38 


$762,474 38 


1887 


32,795 


19 00 


623,105 00 


6,152.380 


26 25 


161,499 98 


784,604 98 


1888 


33,391 


21 00 


701,211 00 


5,248,000 


15 50 


81,344 00 


782,555 00 


1889 


32,950 


24 00 


790,800 00 


7,985,000 


23 00 


183,655 00 


974,455 OJ 


1890 


21,675 


23 00 


498,525 00 


8,347,927 


21 14 


176,176 28 


674,701 28 


1891 


20,641 


21 51 


454,102 00 


7,204,420 


25 16 


182,271 83 


636,373 83 


1892 


23,811 


20 00 


476,237 78 


14,376,340 


21 00 


301,903 14 


778,140 92 


1893 


25,028 


18 85 


471,789 00 


10,279,180 


19 00 


195,314 42 


667,103 42 


1894 


28,670 


17 10 


490,257 00 


11,634,980 


16 82 


195,794 66 


686,051 66 


1895 


41,23^ 


19 68- 


812,792 00 


25,075,290 


19 28 


482,548 75 


1,295,340 75 


1896 


62,23? 


22 51 


1,401,307 83 


28,123,170 


16 02 


450,529 90 


1,851,837 73 


1897 


59,451 


25 17 


1,492,663 04 


30,369.360 


25 10 


762,469 96 
$3,348,274 30 


2,255.133 00 


Totals .. 


413,644 




88,800,497 65 


IGO.720,331 




812,148,771 95 


Estimat 


ed value 


of metal 




fron 


I same.... 




$16,073,035 00 






4,017,829 00 


20,090,864 00 













Estimated total production of ore from 1876 to 1897, inclusive, $25,000,000, 
Producing metallic zinc and lead with value of 1^5,000,000, 



KANSAS. 73 



STONE, BRICK AND LIME. 

Stone suitable for building purposes is found in abundance in 
nearly all parts of the State. The varieties include magnesian lime- 
stone, blue and gray limestone, and great quantities of sandstone, 
and of flagging stone. Stone from the Kansas quarries is used in 
some of the finest buildings in the country. For churches, court 
houses. State and municipal buildings, nothing can be found superior 
to the product of the various quarries of the State. 

Material suitable for the manufacture of ordinary brick exists 
everywhere. The bars along the water courses furnish sand. The 
limestone affords abundant supply of low-priced quicklime. Indeed, 
all the requisites of building exist in abundance, and are conse- 
quently remarkably cheap in all parts of the State. 



TABLE SHOWING VALUE OP BUILDING STONE PRODUCED 
IN KANSAS FROM 1888 TO 1899. 

Figures for 1880 to 1896, inclusive, are taken from the Reports of 
the United States Geological Survey. 

Year. Sandstone. Limestone. Grand totals. 

1880 $11,000 $131,570 $142,570 

1888* 1.000 144,000 145,570 

1889 149,289 478,822 628,111 

1890 149,289 478,822 628,111 

1891 80,000 300,000 380,000 

1892 70,000 310,000 380,000 

1893 24,761 175.173 199,934 

1894 30,265 241,039 271,304 

1895 93,394 316,688 410,082 

1896 18,804 158,112 176,916 

1897 23,180 173,000 196,180 

1898 25,000 180,000 205,000 

1899 23,500 550,000 573,500 

Totals $699,472 $3,637,226 $4,337,278 



* Reports from 1888 Include only (for sandstone) the production from Ritchie ; and 
(for limestone) the production from Winfield, Florence, Augusta and Oketo. 



KANSAS. 



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76 . KANSAS, 



COAL. 



Coal has been mined, in Kansas, to a limited extent, for over thirty, 
years. Immediately after the war, settlers came to Kansas by the 
thousands, and it was these early settlers who, in Cherokee and in 
Crawford Counties, began mining coal in 1866. These veins of coal 
were on the surface, and a good deal of the mining was, done with a 
plow and a team. This supplied the local demand, and also fur- 
nished some to the adjoining territory in Missouri, where it was 
conveyed in wagons. It was some years later, when the heavy 
veins of coal, now so extensively mined, were discovered, and work 
was begun upon them. 

At the present time, coal is mined in about twenty counties, with 
slight variations in number, from year to year. These coal-pro- 
ducing counties are as follows: Atchison, Bourbon, Brown, Chau- 
tauqua, Cherokee, Cloud, Coffey, Crawford. Douglas, Elk, Franklin, 
Labette, Leavenworth, Linn, Lyon, Montgomery, Neosho, Osage. 
Shawnee and Wilson. 

The counties named in the western part of the State, produce a 
brown coal, which is somewhat inferior, in quality, to that mined 
in the eastern counties, but it has a special value on account of the 
price of coal in the western portion of the State. 

The coals of Kansas are all bituminous, or soft coals. Those in 
the southeast are the most valuable, a ton, for all purposes. Space 
does not permit a detailed description of the different qualities of 
Kansas coal. 

Coal is Kansas' greatest mining output. The value has reached 
many millions. For years it has been about $4,000,000 per annum. 
As the price has reduced, the output at the mines has steadily in- 
creased, with the result that the total value has remained surpris- 
ingly constant. 

The coal mines of Kansas have been of inestimable value to the 
State, as without them the industries of zinc and lead smelting 
could not have been developed to their present high standing. 

The following table of the coal production of the State, from 1880 
to 1899, inclusive, with price per ton, and the value of the yearly 
product, will give some idea of the magnitude of the industry: 



KANSAS. 77 

TABLE SHOWING COAL PRODUCTION IN SHORT TONS (2,000 

POUNDS), 1880 TO 1889. INCLUSIVE. 

With price per ton and value of yearly product. 

Production in 

shor tons Price Value of yearly 

Year. (2,000 pounds). per ton product. 

1880* . . . ; 550.000 $1 30 $ 715,000 

1881* 750 000 135 1,012,300 

1882* 750,000 1 30 975,000 

1883* 900,000 1 28 1,152.000 

1884* 1,100,000 1 25 1,375,000 

1885 1,440.057 123 1,770,270 

1886 1350,000 120 1,620,000 

1887 1.570,079 140 2,198,110 

1888 1 .700,000 1 50 2,550,000 

1S89 2 112,166 1 48 3.126,005 

1890 2,516.054 1 30 3,170.870 

1891 2.753,722 131 3,607,375 

1892* 3.007,276 1311 3.954,568 

1893 2,881.931 1371 3,960.331 

1894 3 611.214 1351 4,899,774 

1895 3.190,843 1 12J 3,590,141 

1896 3.191,748 1 OIJ 3,227,357 

1897 3 291.806 1 07 3,488,380 

1898 3.860,405 108^ 4,193,159 

1899 4.096.895 1 25 5,124,248 

Totals 44,624.201 . $57,709,888 

Output previous to 1880.. 3,000.000 $1 50 4,500,000 

Grand totals 47,624,201 $60,209,888 

* Figures for 1880 to 1881. inclusive, and 1892, taken from Ignited States Geological 
Survey reports. All others taken from reports of State Inspector of Coal Mines. 

OIL AND GAS. 

Kansas is fast becoming an important factor in the production of 
pil, and has achieved no small distinction as a producer of natural 
gas. The history of the discovery and development of gas and oil in 
the State is a long and interesting one, but can only be hinted at 
here. The following matter on this topic is taken from the work 
on the "Mineral Resources of Kansas," by Prof. Erasmus Haworth, 
of the State University: 

"In a number of different places in the State, the earlier settlers 
learned from the Indians that oil springs existed, were accounted of 
wonderful efficacy by the Indians, and they frequently visited them 
for the purpose of obtaining material to be used by their medicine 
men in their various ceremonies. As this was at the time when the 
development of the Pennsylvania oil fields was attracting such wide 
attention, the discovery excited much interest. Wells drilled in the 



KANSAS. 79 

neighborhood of Wyandotte furnished considerable quantities of gas, 
which was something almost unknown at that time in this country. 
As early as 1860, prospecting for oil was undertaken in the vicinity 
of Paola, but discontinued on account of the political difficulties 
that arose at that time. 

From the earliest days of Kansas history there has been great 
faith in the possibilities of the development of a great oil and gas 
industry in the eastern part of Kansas. 

In 1882, prospecting was renewed in Miami County, and gas was 
found in the wells which were drilled about seven miles northeast of 
Paola, and in sufficient quantities to be piped to the city of Paola, 
and there used as an illuminant and fuel in the residence and busi- 
ness portions of the city. In 1873 a well was bored at lola, which 
produced sufficient gas to attract considerable attention, and to en- 
courage the prospecting in other localities. 

This prospecting was continued throughout the entire southeast- 
ern part of the State, and with the encouraging result that before 
1890 no fewer than a dozen large towns and cities were lighted and 
heated by the use of natural gas for all domestic purposes. 

After the success of the local companies, it was a comparatively 
easy matter to induce parties of means and experience to come to 
Kansas, and engage in the development of the oil and gas fields. 
The area through which gas and oil have been found is about 8,500 
square miles in extent, and is located entirely in the southeastern 
part of the State, as far as known at present. To the northwest, a 
few wells have been drilled that yielded gas and oil, but the pros- 
pecting has not been carried far enough to determine the extent of 
producing region outside of the territory indicated. The most pro- 
ductive region has Neodesha and Thayer as its center. 

Until recently there has been but little information concerning 
the physical properties of the Kansas gases and oils. The lubricat- 
ing oils sold from Paola have been tested, and found to be superior 
lubricants, and the gas, from all wells alike, have been shown to be 
of the highest quality, and surpassed by the natural gas in no 
locality. 

TABLE SHOWING VALUE OF NATURAL GAS PRODUCED IN. 
KANSAS FROM 1889 TO 1899. 

Figures for 1889 to 1896. inclusive, are taken from the Reports of 
the U. S. Geological Survey. 

Year. Value. Year Value. Year. Value. 

1889 $ 15,873 1893 $ 50,000 1897 $ 155,500 

1890 12,000 1894 86,000 1898 188,840 

1891 5,500 1895 112,400 1899 257,500 

1892 40,795 1896 124,750 Total 11,049,764 




Univ. Geol. Surv. of Kansas. 

THE OLIVER OIL WELL, NEODESHA. 



KANSAS. 81 

TABLE SHOWING PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM IN KANSAS 
FOR 1889 TO 1899, INCLUSIVE. 

Figures for 1889 to 1896, inclusive, are taken from tlie Reports of 
the U. S. Geological Survey. 

Per per 

Year.* Barrels. Year. Barrels. barrel. Value. 

1889 500 1894 40,000 $0 48 $19,200 00 

1890 1,200 1895 44,430 64 28,435 20 

1891 1,400 1896 113,571 63 7.1,549 73 

1892 ' 1897 90,000 60 54,000 00 

1893 18.000 1898. .. .t88,000 2 00 176.000 00 

1899 85,215 75 52,167 00 



Totals.. 468,657 $410,67193 



* Totals include estimated value, $9,320, of the product from 1889 to 1893 which was 
21,100 barrels, 
t Refined oil. 

GYPSUM. 

Fifteen years ago, the use of plaster of paris in the plastering of 
ordinary buildings, was almost entirely unknown. The white plaster 
of paris has been used, for years, as an outer covering, but it is nov; 
becoming more and more used in the place of the common lime 
plaster, and in time will probably supplant it for use in the higher 
grades of work, and where quick drying is an essential. Walls plas- 
tered with this material are in every way mare serviceable, look 
better, and can be papered immediately after the plaster dries, 
where the lime plaster will discolor paper. As modern improve- 
ments have overcome the difficulty experienced at first, from the 
too rapid setting of the plaster of pans, the demaiid for it has 
steadily grown for use in ordinary plastering. 

Kansas has a large amount of gypsum, from which the best hard 
cement plaster can be made. The gypsum occurs in two somewhat 
different forms, one in the form of a rock, so that it i& quarried in 
the same manner as other stones, and another in the form of small 
crystalline grains that produce a mass looking much like sand. 
This latter form is generally spoken of as "gypsum dirt," although 
in the greater number of places the quality of the material is of 
such purity that the term "dirt" is a misnomer. 

The localities in Kansas where gypsum exists may be briefly 
summed up as follows: First, the northern area, in the vicinity of 
Blue Rapids, where the rock form occurs in great abundance, to the 
southwest of Blue Rapids gypsum is found, though not in quantities 
sufficient to repay mining until Solomon City is reached, where the 
material is found some distance below the surface of the ground. 



82 KANSAS. 

The Crown Plaster Co., of Solomon City, has recently been consoli- 
dated with the Kansas Cement Plaster Co., which mines gypsum at 
Hope, at a depth of about eighty feet below the surface. While the 
gypsum is not so prominent here as it is in the vicinity of Blue 
Rapids, the output is amply equal to any calls that are made upon it. 
South and southwest from Hope, gypsum is found in the neighbor- 
hood of Peabody, and of Newton, and for many miles to the south 
of these points. Farther west, in Barber County, it is found in great 
quantities. The rough hill country to the southwest of Medicine 
Lodge is covered with gypsum which covers the hill-tops here, as do 
limestone and sandstone elsewhere. In some places the thickness 
is from twenty to thirty feet, occupies an area of many miles square, 
and is suflicient to supply the world with hard plaster for many 
years. 

The Salina Cement Company has a large plant at Dillon, on the 
Missouri Pacific Railway, in the southern part of Dickinson County, 
and manufactures the "Agatite" brand. It would occasion no sur- 
prise should other deposits be found, equaling or surpassing in value 
those already found, as gypsum is known to exist in nearly all the 
valleys of the little streams throughout the Permian area of Central 
Kansas, and these deposits are but awaiting the investment of capi- 
tal and proper enterprise for their development. 

Space will not permit a detailed statement of the varioifs processes 
made use of by the Kansas factories in the manufacture of plaster 
from the gypsum dirt, or the rock variety, but a few words on the 
commerce of Kansas plasters will not be out of place. 

Kansas cement plasters have made their way into almost all the 
markets of America. They have traveled eastward to New York 
and to Boston, and westward to San Francisco. Occasionally sales 
are made to points as far north as Minneapolis, and as far south as 
New Orleans, but by far the greater part of the Kansas product is 
disposed of to points west of the Ohio. In the face of all difficulties, 
the superior quality of the Kansas product has enabled it to compete, 
and successfully to compete, in some of the Eastern markets with 
materials manufactured much nearer the point of consumption. 



KANSAS. 83 

TABLE SHOWING AMOUNT AND VALUE OF GYPSUM PRO- 
DUCED IN KANSAS FROM 1889 TO 1899.* 

Output in tons Average price Value of 

Year. (2'OuO pounds). per ton. output. 

1889 17,332 $5 44 $94,235 

1890 20,250 3 58 72.457 

1891 40,217 4 01 161,322 

1892 41,016 4 76 195.197 

1893 43,631 4 16 181.599 

1894 64,889 4 65 301,884 

1895 72,947 3 74 272.531 

1896 49,435 3 00 148,371* 

1897 50,045 5 05 252,811 

1898 39,776 3 26 129,652 

1899 61,103 4 30 262,743 

Totals 500,641 $2,072,802 

* Figures from 1889 to 1896, inclusive, are taken from the reports of the United States 
Geological Survey. 

HYDRAULIC CEMENT. 

Hydraulic cement rock was first discovered at Fort Scott, in 1867, 
and small works were established the following year. In the two 
years succeeding, these works were increased till they produced ten 
barrels a day. Two factories are now in successful operation, pro- 
ducing a very high grade of cement at the rate of 160,000 barrels 
per annum. 

The first full car-load of Fort Scott cement was shipped in 1870, 
and was used in the construction of the Arkansas River bridge. In 
1874 the cement was used in the Kansas City, Mo., water work?, 
where the reservoirs built in that year are still in excellent condi- 
tion, after twenty-four years of constant use. 

Owing to improved machinery, the cost of the cement has been re- 
duced, in the last few years, till it is now about seventy-five cents a 
barrel, free on board cars, at the factory. The product of the mills 
is used by nearly all the railroads throughout the State, and the 
shipments to other markets are very large. 

The conditions of the hydraulic cement industry in Kansas during 
the year 1899 were practically unchanged from those of 1898. Fort 
Scott is the only place at which hydraulic cement is made. Here 
there are two plants that were in active operation through a greater 
part of the year: one owned by the Fort Scott Hydraulic Cement 
Company, and one owned by the C. A. Brockett Cement Company. 
The combined production for the year was 140,000 barrels, with a 



KANSAS. 85 

value of forty-five cents per barrel, giving a total value of $63,000. 
There was, therefore, a slight decrease in the production of hy- 
draulic cement as compared with that of 1898. For some reason 
the market does not seem to demand very much hydraulic cement. 
The following table shows 'the output in barrels, with value per 
barrel, from 1888 to 1899, inclusive: 

TABLE SHOWING AMOUNT AND VALUE OF HYDRAULIC CE- 
MENT PRODUCED IN KANSAS FROM 1888 TO 1899, 
INCLUSIVE. 

"^he figures from 1888 to 189G, inclusive, are based upon the Reports 

given by the U. S. Geological Survey. 

Year. Barrels. Price per barrel. Value of output. 

1888 40,000 $0 75 $ 30,000 

1889 150,000 70 105,000 

1890 150,000 70 105 000 

1891 140,000 69 97,440 

1892* 110,000 69 77,000 

1893 60,000 35 21,000 

1894 50,000 50 25,000 

1895 140,000 40 56,000 

1896 125,567 40 50,226 

1897 160,000 40 * 64 000 

1898 160,000 38 60',800 

1899 140,000 45 63.000 

Totals 1,425,567 



* Includes Kansas City, Mo. 

KAFIR CORN. 

In recent years, Kafir corn has attracted considerable attention 
from the farmers of the West. The following condensation from the 
United States Farmers' Bulletin, No. 37, prepared by Prof. C. C. 
Georgeson, of the Kansas State Agricultural College, is given, in the 
hope that it may give to those who know nothing of the Kafir corn 
some idea of its great 'isefulness, and explain the popularity which 
it at present enjoys in the West: 

"Kafir corn is a native of South Africa, and the name is derived 
from that African tribe known as Kafirs. It belongs to the same 
group of plants as broom corn, and other non-saccharine sorghums. 
It was introduced by the Department of Agriculture about ten years 
ago, and sent all over the country. It was first tried in the Southern 
States, where it did remarkably well, and the year following it was 



86 KANSAS. 

sent to the Northern and Western States. The reports of the trials of 
the corn were almost uniformly favorable. In California, it was 
highly appreciated, and soon took high rank as a food for chickens. 
The farmers of Kansas and Oklahoma have given it much attention 
during the last three or four years, and, finding it a valuable stock 
food, are cultivating it on a large and ever-increasing scale. Its 
drought-resisting qualities render it particularly well-adapted to culti- 
vation in regions where the dryness militates against the proper 
development of corn, and in all places makes it a valuable additional 
crop, to guard against possible failures. 

**At present, there are at least three of the varieties of non-saccharine 
sorghums that are called Kafir corn, and they may be described as 
follows : 

" Red Kafir Corn. — The plant is from four to six feet tall, according 
to soil, season and culture. The stalk is close jointed, producing from 
nine to fourteen leaves. Leaves are thick, somewhat rough, and are 
stiffer than corn leaves. The plant rarely suckers, but it will occa- 
sionally throw out branches from the upper joints. The sheaths are 
generally covered red, or purple, in patches or spots, due to a blight. 
The seed is red, or light brown, small, almost round, brittle, starchy, 
and packed so closely in the head that the stems and hulls are hardly 
visible. The hulls are small, thin, and brown, covering less than half 
of each seed. 

"White Kafir Corn. — Like the red variety, the plant is short- 
jointed, and has an abundance of foliage, but does not grow so tall. 
The seed is white, slightly flattened sidewise, starchy, and pleasant to 
the taste. The hulls are gray, or greenish-white, somewhat larger and 
more conspicuous than those of the red variety. The ripe seed shells 
out readily in handling. 

"Black-Hulled White Kafir Corn (African Millet). — The plant 
is like the variety just described. The head is somewhat shorter, 
broader, and looser than that of the red variety ; sometimes narrow 
below and broad above— club-shaped. Seed is white, many grains 
having a reddish or a brown spot; somewhat larger than the red. 
The head shoots clear of the enveloping sheath. It goes by the three 
names of * black-hulled white Kafir corn,' * white Kafir corn,' and 
'African millet.' 



KANSAS. 87 

'^The red and the white varieties have been grown at the Kansas 
Experiment Station for some years, with the following result: 

"Under the same conditions, the red variety has invariably out- 
yielded the white, both in grain and in fodder; it grows some six to 
hine inches taller ; it matures the seed a little earlier, and the head 
always pushes clear of the upper sheath, and further, does not shell in 
handling. On the other hand, the white variety has a pleaaanter taste, 
and produces grain that is not at all astringent, and on that account is 
better relished by stock. 

"The black-hulled white Kafir corn has been grown here only in the 
last season (1896) , but it appears to have all the good qualities of the 
red variety, and to have, in addition, the white seed. If further tests 
establish that the black-hulled white variety yields as well as the red, 
it will undoubtedly become the most popular of the three. 

"Although Kafir corn will grow where other grains will die out, it, 
in common with all crops, does better on rich land, and responds well 
to generous treatment. Its culture is not limited, however, to soils of 
certain classes and qualities. It may be grown on stiff clays and on 
light sand, in river bottoms and on poor uplands, and it will yield 
profitable returns on soil too poor for the successful cultivation of corn. 

"The strongest recommendation for Kafir corn is that it will produce 
a crop on less rain than is required for corn, and better resists the 
action of hot winds. It is, therefore, especially well-adapted to culti- 
vation in the semi-arid West, where" corn is injured by the hot winds 
and the drought. 

"When corn has once been stunted by hot winds, it never recovers, 
but not so with Kafir corn. It may be stationary and curled for days, 
and even weeks, but when the rain comes and the hot winds cease, it 
will revive, and if not too late in the season, will still produce a crop- 

"While it can be grown to perfection in southern and middle lati- 
tudes, the northern limit of its successful culture is not well defined. 

"The soil should be prepared as for corn. If the surface is rough, it 
should be reduced with a pulverizer till even, as such a surface facili- 
tates cultivation. 

"Seeding takes place about the middle of March in the South, to 
about June in the North. In the experiments, at the Kansas station, 
the seed is usually put in the ground about the middle of May. 



88 KANSAS. 

"The Kafir corn can be grown either in hills or in drills, but the 
latter is considered preferable. Kafir corn is sometimes sown for hay, 
and is sown thick, either with a drill or broadcast, and the crop, when 
headed, cut with a mower, and treated as a hay crop. If cut early, it 
may produce two crops. 

For the best methods of harvesting, and of handling the grain after, 
and the method of thrashing, the reader is referred to the various 
publications of the Department of Agriculture. 

"The yield an acre of grain and of fodder must, of course, vary with 

the season. The red variety, as grown at the Kansas station, has 

invariably outyielded both the White Kafir corn and Indian corn. 

The average yields an acre for the years 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892, of 

these three, were as follows : 

Grain, Fodder, 

Variety. bushels. tons. 

Red Kafir corn." 58.25 6.05 

White Kafir corn 32.55 5.33 

Indian corn 45.50 3,07 

"The grain refers to the clean seed, 56 pounds to the bushel, and the 
fodder yields to the field-cured weight. 

"While Kafir corn may not be quite equal to Indian corn as a food 
for stock, in some particulars, it is demonstrated beyond a shadow of a 
doubt that Kafir corn has remarkable value as food stuff, and has the 
additional value of being reliable in the semi-arid regions, where Indian 
corn can not be relied upon, even with irrigation, in some cases, on 
account of hot winds. 



HUNTING AND FISHING. 

Once upon a time, and not so very long ago either, the shaggy-fronted 
bufialo roamed in countless herds over the Kansas plains. That day is 
past, of course. Deer and antelope, once plentiful all over the State, are 
not found now in the eastern portion, but in the w^estern section they are 
still seen, and furnish the hunter with all the pleasurable excitement of 
big game shooting. ' 

There is plenty of small game in Kansas, and in season the markets 
are well stocked with quail, ducks, prairie chickens, plover, curlew, 
snipe, geese, rabbits, etc. By legislative enactment prairie chickens and 



KANSAS. 89 

quail are protected until well grown, and are shot only in October, 
November and December. Netting and trapping game b irds are prohib- 
ited, and, as the shelter of hedge and timber increases, quail are multi- 
plying all over the State. 

From October to April wild geese and ducks abound, feeding on the 
wheat fields in day time and seeking the rivers and ponds at night. 

We have known a single sportsman to bring down from fifty to one 
hundred geese and ducks in one day, all conditions being favorable. 

The ducks, which are of all varieties, from the delicate teal to the far- 
famed canvas back. Mallard, sprigtail, butter ball, spoonbill, red head, 
etc., abound — a few nesting in the State and staying through the year, 
though the great majority migrate. 

In April several varieties of plover appear, and the smaller kinds 
afford good sport all during the spring and fall. The large brown plover 
and curlew are plenty in April and May, but go north for the summer. 

While Kansas sportsmen ought to be satisfied with such a goodly 
array of game, they sometimes lay for heavier prey, and consequently 
will frequently be found silently folding their tents and quietly stealing 
over the border into Uncle Sam's great game preserve of the Indian Ter- 
ritory. There the wild turkeys still exist in great numbers. Deer are- 
abundant, and occasionally a black bear may be seen in the canons of the 
Medicine river. 

Kansas does not claim to be a great State for fishing, still all the streams 
with rock bottom abound in the gamey black bass, and favored sports- 
men have caught specimens weighing over seven pounds. In the streams 
and ponds of sandy or muddy bottom, are found catfish, buffalo, eels> 
sunfish, perch, and occasionally a wall-eyed pike. The German carp is 
being cultivated, and thrives in Kansas waters. 

It is emphatically true, as shown by the post office returns, that the 
citizens of Kansas are a reading people. As a rule, the press of Kansas 
is able and public spirited, and it has had its full share in achieving for 
the State its wonderful progress at home-, and in winning for it its honor- 
able reputation abroad. From the peculiar circumstances connected 
with its early history the newspaper press of Kansas has always drawn 
superior men to the ranks of its editors. Among them are men who, in 
point of knowledge of books and the world, of wit and humor, of clear 
and forcible style, of fearless and chivalric courage, are easily the equals 
of the most distinguished editors this country has produced. 



90 KANSAS. 



THE GRASSHOPPERS THAT HOP IN KANSAS. 

Some people imagine that the principal projduct of the western States 
is grasshoppers. 

Many Easterners fear to emigrate to the West, having a great dread 
that they'll be eaten by the grasshoppers, and leave their bones on the 
dry and unproductive " Great American Desert." 

The "American Desert," by the vray, is fast becoming a fiction of the 
past. Time was when the majority of folk east of the Mississippi Valley 
shuddered when they thought of this desert ; the horrors had been 
pictured in the glowing words of the space-writer of the press, whose 
"imagination bodies forth the form of things unknown, and gives to 
airy nothings a local habitation and a name." 

The name has lingered in the minds of men, but the location has 
become a matter of uncertainty. 

The boundaries have been crowded closer together by the push of 
civilization, and as the area of this supposed desert has been taken up 
and cultivated, it has been found that some of the best, the richest, and 
the most productive of the farming lands of America had been neglected. 
The winds and wild animals held undisputed possession of millions of 
acres where are now fertile farms and richly productive orchards. 

There have been times in the past when swarms of locusts devastated 
the entire country there, devoured everything that could be eaten, and 
left it completely stripped of vegetation. 

Other insect enemies may inflict a damage equal to that done by the 
locusts, during the year, but as it is not done in so short a space of time, 
nor in so plain sight, it is, comparatively, unnoticed. 

Various causes combine in permitting these insects to increase beyond 
the normal number. During a succession of abnormally dry years, most 
locusts increase because they are then less liable to the attacks of diseases 
that are prevalent in moist seasons, as many parasitic insects die off, thus 
removing several influences restrictive of the undue increase of locusts. 

Man, with his numerous devices for the extermination of insect pests, 
has done much to prevent the increase of the locusts ; but the greater 
good is accomplished by the natural enemies of these insects, the birds 
that spend the greater part of their lives in the assiduous pursuit of 
these same insects, and devour them as eggs, young, or old. 



KANSAS. 



91 



It is of paramount importance that the native birds of the State receive 
the protection to which they are entitled. When prairie chickens and 
grouse were numerous no harm whatever was reported as being done 
by " native grasshoppers." Quail, plover, blackbirds, sparrows, hawks, 
and even ducks are known to feed largely upon these insects. A single 
bird of any of these species will destroy thousands of insects during the 
spring, summer, and fall months. When the birds are destroyed, these 
extra thousands of insects increase beyond the normal, and injury to 




GRANT MONUMENT, FT. LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS. 

crops follows. Year after year the gap is wider and the possibilities of 
harm increase. 

In the absence of the birds, and of any fungus disease that is efficient 
in destroying the grasshoppers (the fungus disease attacking them is 
unlike the one that attacks chinch-bugs, being much slower in its action) > 
artificial remedies must be resorted to to protect the farmer. 

If careful observation is made to see where eggs are deposited in large 
numbers, they can be destroyed by harrowing the ground and exposing 
them to the action of the sun, and to the forays of hungry birds. Deep 
plowing during fall and early in the spring, will bury the locust eggs so 
deeply that the young hopper cannot reach the surface. 

The best way of destroying the insects, however, is by the use of the 
kerosene pan, in common parlance the " hopper dozer." 



92 KANSAS. 

This is made of stove-pipe iron, by turning up the sides and ends 
about four inches, so as to make a long flat pan, about four inches in 
depth. This is then mounted on runners, varying in height from two to 
eight or ten inches, according to requirements of the crop to be protected, 
and the age of the insects to be captured. For use the pan is filled with 
water and then coal oil is added. If the ground is level no cross-pieces 
are needed, but if the pan is to be used on sloping ground, there must 
be cross-pieces to prevent the oil and water from running to one end of 
the " hopper dozer." The machine may be made any length desired up 
to sixteen and eighteen feet. If small, it can be drawn by hand, but 
when large a horse or two is preferable. 

When the kerosene pan is full the grasshoppers are removed, a little 
more oil added, and the machine started again. 

The cost of this remedy is trifling, and it is most efiicient. 

In a garden chickens are valuable, and turkeys are of even greater 
service. 



THE VALUE OF CORN AS FUEL. 

The present abundance of corn and its low price has occasioned 
much speculation as to its fuel value. There is such a diversity of 
opinion and so little actual knowledge regarding the profitableness of 
buying corn instead of coal, that it seemed desirable to conduct a com- 
parative test that would show the relative heating power of the two 
materials. 

Whether it would pay to raise corn for fuel is a question not contem- 
plated in this investigation, but the interests of the large number of 
people living in the region of cheap corn call for the determination of its 
most profitable use after it is upon the market. 

To make the test, a good grade of yellow dent corn, on the ear, of this 
year's crop, and not thoroughly dry, was burned under the boiler used 
to supply power for the department of practical mechanics, and the 
amount of water evaporated by burning a known quantity of corn was 
noted. The test lasted nine and one-half hours, and 5,232 pounds of 
corn and cob were consumed. The next day the same boiler was heated 
with screened Rock Springs nut coal for five hours, burning 1,888 pounds 
of coal, and the amount of water evaporated was recorded. 



KANSAS. 93 

The data thus obtained showed that one pound of coal evaporated one 
and nine-tenths as much water as one pound of corn ; that is, one and 
one-tenth times as much heat was liberated in burning one pound of 
coal as in one pound of corn. 

Several calorimeter tests were made which agreed very closely with 
these results. 

The coal used cost at Lincoln $6.65 a ton. With coal selling at this 
price, and worth one and nine-tenths times as much for fuel as an equal 
weight of corn, the fuel value of the latter would be $3.50 a ton or 12 25 
cents a bushel. 

The following table shows how much coal is worth a ton, when its 
heating power is the same as that used in the experiment, and when 
corn is selling at a certain price per bushel : 

Corn , per bushel. Coal , per ton. 
9 cents $4 87 

10 cents 5.41 

11 cents 595 

12 cents 649 

13 cents 7.11 

14 cents 7.57 

15 cents 811 

It will thus be seen that if this quality of coal were selling at $6.50, 
and corn were bringing ten cents, it would not pay to burn corn ; while 
coal must sell as low as $5.41 per ton to be as cheap fuel as corn at 
ten cents per bushel. 

A very complete and thorough investigation of this subject is being 
conducted at the university. It was thought desirable, however, to 
publish the results already obtained, although they were based upon the 
performance of but one quality of coal. This coal is well known and 
largely used in the State. 

[Press Bulletin Number 8, Agricultural Experiment Station, 
University of Nebraska.] 



94 KANSAS. 

IN CONCLUSION. 

WESTERN KANSAS. 

Southeastern Colorado, near the Kansas line, is making a great agri- 
cultural development, and attracting a large volume of immigration, 
which comes largely through Kansas and will aid in bringing settlers to 
this State. 

There is how being constructed, just north of Lamar, in eastern Colo- 
rado, the most extensive storage reservoir system for irrigation purposes 
in that State, and this for the purpose of furnishing an immense supply 
of water for the Amity canal, which extends over into Kansas about 
forty miles and is being extended still further across Hamilton and into 
Kearney county. These reservoirs will have an area of about 12,000 
acres, and an irrigation capacity for 200,000 acres. This system, which is 
known as ''The Great Plains Water Storage System," will cost in the 
neighborhood of half a million dollars, and will be completed this year 
(1898). Its effect upon the settlement and development of the extreme 
western part of Kansas will be very great. The enterprise is in strong 
hands, with almost a limitless amount of capital back of it, and cannot 
fail of successful completion and operation. 

These favoring conditions in neighboring territory are supplemented 
by the manifest increasing desire of people in the west-central and 
eastern States to move west. The enormous prices of lands, and high 
rents, in the great States east of the Mississippi river, are forcing farmers, 
particularly the younger ones, to the West, and the last year's agricul- 
tural results have emphasized so strongly the superlative farming advan- 
tages offered here, that they are certain to attract large numbers of these 
classes to the State, who will quickly take up the lands which can now 
be had so cheaply. Lands which on a basis of $10 to $20 per acre pay 
for themselves in one crop, cannot long go begging at $5. 

LASTING PROSPERITY. 

Supplementing the favorable local conditions is the great revival and 
ipaprovement in the general business conditions of the country. We 



KANSAS. 



95 



have evidently entered upon a continuing period of higher prices for 
agricultural products. We shall not again in this century, and probably 
not in many years, if ever, see such a period of excessively low prices 
for all farm products as we passed through in 1895 and 1896. Prosperity 
is here. The bank clearings of the country for the last week of the old 
year showed an increase of 42 per cent over the corresponding week of 
1896. The balance of trade with the Old World is largely in our favor. 
The number of business failures and accompanying liabilities during 




PLOWING IN KANSAS. 



1897 were much less than in 1896. Railroad earnings show a large 
increase. Our foreign commerce is increasing. Our exports for 1897 are 
reported to be the largest in our history, and excess of merchandise 
exports over imports is estimated at $350,000,000. Prosperity has come 
to stay ; the outlook for Kansas is most promising. 

Although during the year 1897 the people of Kansas have paid off 
$30,000,000 of indebtedness, the deposits in Kansas banks show an 
increase of 50 per cent at this time over those of one year ago, now 
aggregating about $50,000,000, and are heavier than at any time in the 



96 KANSAS. 

last ten years, and what is more important, they belong almost wholly 
to individual depositors, Kansas people, rather than, as during the boom, 
largely to loan companies and Eastern people, who sent their money out 
here for investment, to be withdrawn later on. 

The foregoing figures and facts revealed by this retrospect, furnish the 
causes from which to predict effects, a foundation upon which to rest a 
judgment of the present prospects of Kansas. 

OUR MINING OUTPUT. 

In 1890, the amount of coal mined in the State was 2,260,000 tons; in 
1897, it reached an estimated total of 3,200,000 tons, an increase of 40 
per cent. 

In 1888, the total amount of lead ore mined was only five and a 
quarter million pounds, value $81,000; in 1897, it reached an estimated 
total of 45,000,000 pounds, worth $1,000,000. 

In 1890, the first j'^ear of which we have an accurate record, there were 
15,000 tons of zinc spelter manufactured. In 1897, this product is esti- 
mated at over 30,000 tons. 

In 1890, the value of gypsum cement manufactured was $72,000. In 
1897, it is estimated at $325,000, an increase of 350 per cent. In 1894, the 
first year when the United States report gives the hydraulic cement out- 
put of the State, the value of this product was but $25,000. In 1897, it is 
estimated at $125,000, an increase of 500 per cent. 

The production of petroleum in this State has just commenced. It is 
certain that there is a vast supply of it, and its production from now on 
will cut an important figure in swelling our revenue, and in our conse- 
quent prosperity. 

The total value of the mineral output of the State for 1897 approxi- 
mates $9,000,000, and shows a good increase in all its lines over the 
previous year, with almost a certainty of a greater increase in 1898. 
Thus is seen every internal evidence of growth, great present prosperity 
and still greater at hand. The external conditions are equally favorable. 
Oklahoma, which for several years made such heavy drafts upon Kansas, 
has become a well-settled, prosperous region, with its great fields of corn, 
wheat and cotton, and no longer draws upon Kansas resources, but is a 
helpful neighbor. 



KANSAS. 97 



CITIES. 



There are eight cities in Kansas with populations ranging from 10,000 
to 50,000. Twenty-eight cities with 2,500 and upwards, and 100 cities 
containing 1,000 and upwards. 

It may, perhaps, be well to speak briefly of some of these more 
important cities. As our space is limited, an effort will be made 
under this head to give facts without elaboration ; to furnish the 
reader with information he will most need in regard to the cities of 
Kansas. It is presumed that this book will be largely used by farmers, 
mechanics, artisans and laborers. The interest of this class of readers in 
the cities of the State lies along the line of markets and opportunities 
for employment. Here, then, are the facts and figures carefully con- 
densed. 

TOPEKA. 

Capital of the State and County seat of Shawnee county. 

Population, 35,000. 

Its public schools employ 117 teachers. 

Four great railroad systems enter the city, where ofiicial headquarters, 
workshops, etc., give employment to at least 3,000 men. 

It is the most important milling center west of St. Louis ; there being 
nine mills with a capacity of 3,500 barrels per day. 

The principal streets are from eighty to one hundred and thirty feet 
in width, and the residence streets are beautifully parked and shaded. 
Ten miles of street are paved with asphalt, stone, cedar blocks, and 
vitrified brick, costing over $1,100,000. 

The United States Court House, Pension Office and Post Office Build- 
ing, erected in 1882, at a cost of 1300,000, occupies a prominent corner in 
the business center of the city. 

The State Asylum for the Insane is located west of the city, on spacious 
grounds, and occupies five immense buildings, recently erected, with all 
modern improvements. 

The State Reform School is located on a fine farm of one hundred and 
sixty acres, north of the city, and has four large buildings with accommo- 
dations for two hundred boys. 



98 KANSAS. 

There are over one hundred church organizations in the city, occupy- 
ing forty-eight church edifices. Many of these are magnificent struc- 
tures, and the church property is valued at $622,000. The bishops of 
the Methodist Episcopal and Episcopal churches reside here, and 
preparations are made for the construction of an Episcopal Cathedral 
to cost $250,000. 

The Topeka Free Public Library occupies a beautiful building on the 
State House grounds, erected for its special use at a cost of $50,000. It 
contains over 10,000 volumes. 

State Library, owned by the State of Kansas, is one of the largest 
and best in the country, and is open to all during business hours. 

Library of the State Historical Society is also kept in the State House. 
It contains 35,000 volumes, and is particularly rich in historical works. 

There are fourteen banks in Topeka, with a combined capital of 
$3,000,000. 

The city is lighted with electric lights, and has a telephone system. 

The State Printing House employs 420 hands and pays out $261,000 in 
wages annually. 

Packing houses employ a large number of men, and do a business of 
$350,000 per annum. 

Two sash and door factories, with a business of over $200,000. 

Starch works, paying in wages $1,000 monthly. 

Boiler works, brick yards, feed mills, linseed oil mills, preserving 
works, cracker factory, furniture factory, cornice works, and establish- 
ments producing stoves, vinegar, shirts, overalls, cigars, confectionery, 
mattresses, harness, clothing, artificial limbs, etc. 

The actual valuation of all real, personal and railroad property in the 
city is over $40,000,000. 

Topeka is clean, well drained, and a healthy city. The climate is 
salubrious, and with the natural location and splendid sewer system, 
perfect drainage is obtained. 

Topeka is well supplied with good hotels, sufficient to accommodate 
the largest gatherings and conventions. 

There are thirty-six daily and weekly newspapers in Topeka. 

There is an excellent electric street railway system covering the entire 
city and operating 32 miles of track. 

A woolen mill, completed in 1897, is now in full operation, employing 
150 men a month. 



KANSAS. 99 



LEAVENWORTH. 

The oldest as well as the most historic city in the State. Popu- 
lation in 1900, 22,400. 

Leavenworth is becoming a very important manufacturing city, 
having a great abundance of coal lying beneath the city to feed her 
furnaces and make cheap power. There are now three large mines 
in operation there, and a fourth very near completion, also four veins 
of good coal, the first a 22-inch vein at a depth of 713 feet; the 
second a 24-inch vein at a depth of 738 feet; the third a 26-inch 
vein at a depth of 998 feet, and the fourth 28 inches thick at a 
depth of 1,030 feet. The top vein is the one being used. It seems 
to be inexhaustible, and from actual tests it is found to cover an 
area of at least 200 square miles, and contains 2,000,000 tons of coal. 
Since coal does not have to be shipped into the city, it is cheap, 
and factories operating in Leavenworth have a decided advantage 
over those operating at a distance from fuel. This accounts for the 
increase in manufactories in this city. About 2,000 men are em- 
ployed in the mines, and fully $20,000 is expended in wages of 
miners each week. 

Leavenworth has always been a good corn market, and within the 
last three years has become an important meat market. Two large 
meat packing establishments are running at full blast, killing about 
200 head of cattle a day, and 300 head of hogs. 

For many years Leavenworth has been the great stove manufac- 
turing center of the middle West. The Great Western Stove Co. 
employs from 400 to 500 men, and is one of the largest stove fac- 
tories in the world. The Great Western Mfg. Co. turns out a large 
amount of heavy machinery, such as milling machinery, and this 
industry employs about 500 men when running at full blast, and this 
it does the larger part of the year. The furniture making industry 
is second to that of stoves and machinery. The Abernathy factories 
are known all over the States, and make a very good class of house- 



KANSAS. 101 

hold furniture. These factories employ about 200 men. There are 
two or three smaller furniture factories in the city. 

This city is a railroad center, and for that reason is a good wheat 
market, and two large mills are kept going, with a capacity of 
about 3,000 barrels per day. The Lysle Milling Co. makes a large 
amount of import flour, besides supplying its share of the local 
trade. 

Leavenworth has a strong Commercial Club, composed of her best 
business men, and this club is making every effort to bring reliable 
manufacturing industries to the city, knowing they will prosper 
there. Several new ones have located there within the last year, 
and more are to come soon. Any reliable manufacturer desiring 
to locate in the middle West, where railroad facilities are first 
class, water and coal found in abundance, a healthy location, and 
splendid markets, can do no better than to visit the city, or write 
the Secretary of the Commercial Club. 

This city is noted for her surrounding attractions. Two miles 
south of the city is the beautiful National Soldiers' Home, with its 
spacious grounds and picturesque views, while the same distance 
north of the city is stately old Fort Leavenworth, the most im- 
portant military post in the United States. The government is 
erecting the great Federal Penitentiary between the city and the 
post, and a score or more of new government buildings are in 
process of erection at the fort. Several millions of dollars will be 
expended here in the next ten yeafs. 

One of the best additions to Leavenworth is the Kansas City- 
Leavenworth Electric Railway, running between the city and Kan- 
sas City, which city lies 25 miles down the Missouri from Leaven- 
worth. This road has made the city, Home and fort very attractive 
excursion points, and thousands of people visited Leavenworth last 
summer. 

As a manufacturing center, Leavenworth's future is assured, and 
any manufacturer will do well to consider this city before locating. 
Her streets are well paved with brick and asphalt. Her people are 
largely Eastern people, and are refined, cultured, and desirable 
citizens. 




II 



KANSAS. 103 



WICHITA. 



The county seat of Sedgwick county ; population 25,000. 

Twenty-three miles of electric street car lines. 

Wichita is one of the best railroad points in Kansas. She has no fewer 
than ten lines running to all points of the compass. The Missouri 
Pacific system gives her direct connection to Kansas City, thence east 
and north ; also with Denver, Colo. It has likewise a line running into 
the southwestern part of the State. 

The stock yards are now doing a fine, steady business. These yards 
were first opened in 1887. They had hardly got started when they were 
burned out on the 18th day of October. On the 1st day of November, 
1888, they were again opened. They cover sixty acres of ground — 
fourteen acres under shedding. They have a capacity for 5,000 cattle 
and 10,000 hogs. They have 125 hydrants. The capital stock, $600,000, 
is all owned in Wichita. 

Wichita has every advantage of location. She is situated on the east 
bank of the Arkansas river, near the junction of that stream with the 
Little Arkansas, in the finest valley west of the Mississippi. 

There are eighteen public schools, including a high school. 

Wichita is located in the bosom of the great Arkansas valley, better 
known as the Happy valley, fifty miles north of the Indian Territory 
line and two hundred miles west of any other city. By her fortunate 
location she holds the key to the trade of the great Southwest. 

Wichita is the wonder of America and the metropolis of the Southwest. 

She is a great receiving and distributing point. 

She is the only packing center in Kansas, the combined capacity of 
the two packing houses being 5,000 hogs and 1,000 head of cattle daily. 

She is the center of the finest hog and cattle region in the world. 

She is a large wholesale and manufacturing city. 

She has absolute control of a countrv 400 miles square. 

Wichita is a city of magnificent buildings, which have cost millions 
of dollars. 

She has an extensive system of water works. 

A splendid sewerage system. 

An excellent gas and electric light plant. 

The finest equipped and most eflScient fire department in the West. 

Good telephone service. 



104 KANSAS. 

ATCHISON. I 

Atchison was settled in 1854, and has a poulation of 16,500. 

Atchison lies in a sort of amphitheatre, its business center being 
in the valley of a creek, locally kn'own as White Clay creek, and its 
residences occupy the hills which rise on either side. 

It is within 100 miles of the geographical center of the United 
States, and is 900 feet above the level of the sea. 

The territory included in the city proper is about two and one- 
half miles north and south, by about two miles east and west. Its 
surface is irregular, rising from the low, level bottom ground of the 
creek, to the bluffs and hills nearly 200 feet high. The natural 
drainage is unsurpassed, and the high elevations furnish beautiful 
and healthful sites for residences. 

The Missouri river is here spanned by a steel railroad and higl> 
way bridge, by which six lines of railroads reach the city from the 
east. Seven railroads run west from Atchison, making thirteen 
in all. 

We can claim for Atchison, at the present time, that she has 
more miles of paved streets than any other city of equal size in the 
United States: has one of the best electric street railway plants to 
be found operating anywhere, eight miles of track, fifteen cars, en- 
tire plant costing $150,000; it has two electric light plants and one 
gas plant; has a first-class water service; has four colleges. Mid- 
land, St. Benedict's, the Atchison Business College, and the College 
Preparatory; has seven public schools (two of which are for colored 
residents) , with a corps of 44 teachers, a high school, and a number 
of private schools: churches of every denomination, creed and 
color: a modern Union Station, built of pressed brick, at a cost of 
$50,000. 

A NEW FIND. 

A vein of coal at 803 feet, second and best vein at 1,123 feet, 
developing the best coal in the State. Company about to be 
formed to sink shaft and operate same: distance from Atchison, 
21/1. miles south on line of Missouri Pacific Railway. 



KANSAS. 105 

Atchison has three large elevators in operation, several of the 
largest wholesale grocers, drug, hardware, dry goods and seed 
houses doing business in the West, four flour mills, two foundries, 
two planing mills, overall and shirt factory, best equipped printing 
plant west of Chicago, vitrified brick plant, ice plant, three banks, 
two newspapers, canning factory, harness and collar factory, four 
candy factories, two furniture factories, a coal mine, and one of 
the finest equipped opera houses in the West, the latter erected at a 
cost of $50,000; an elegant government postoffice building, erected 
at a cost of $80,000; a new county court house, erected at a cost of 
$93,000; a Soldiers' Orphans' Home, erected by the State at a cost 
of $175,000, a Public Library, and a private insane asylum. 

Every line of business and profession is represented in the city by 
men with whom it is a pleasure to transact business. 



FT. SCOTT. 

The county seat of Bourbon County, has a population of 13,000, 
and is situated in the beautiful valley of the Marmaton. No city in 
the State has more advantages than Ft. Scott. It is surrounded by 
rich, well improved farms, owned and operated by a substantial 
class of farmers. Her natural resources are abundant. The city 
and county are underlaid with rich veins of coal, suitable for both 
surface and drift mining. A splendid cement rock is easy of access, 
and the product from the cement mills is the best on the market. 
There is an excellent quality of building stone, clay for all kinds of 
heavy pottery, and the best of clay for brick making. The Ft. Scott 
flagstone quarries, located just west of the city,, have become justly 
celebrated, and the product is being shipped in large quantities. It 
is found in layers of from one to nine inches in thickness, and is 
cut by machinery into proper sizes for sidewalks. Ft. Scott lies 
within the Kansas natural gas belt, and a number of wells have been 
developed, while there are strong indications that the Joplin zinc 



KANSAS. 107 

and lead belt extends this far north, and prospecting is being done 
to locate it. 

The city is one of the most important railroad centers of the 
Southwest, being situated at the intersection of three great trunk 
lines, the Missouri Pacific, the Kansas City, Ft. Scott & Memphis, 
and the M., K. & T. In all there are ten lines centering here, in 
addition to the Missouri Pacific's belt line about the city. The 
Missouri Pacific and Memphis shops employ from 400 to 600 men 
here, in addition to their train crews. 

It is an important jobbing center, and a number of large whole- 
sale houses do an immense business with surrounding points. The 
public Improvements are complete, consisting of a fine system of 
water works, salaried fire department, sewerage, two electric light 
plants, and one gas plant, two telephone exchanges with long dis- 
tance connection, the finest hotels in the State, United States court 
building, extensive high school buildings, seven public school 
buildings, three strong banks, two national and one state, aggre- 
gating $1,000,000 capital, five newspapers, two journals, seven miles 
of street railway operated by electric power, electric street lights 
and every metropolitan convenience. 

Ft. Scott is a promising field for manufacturing industries, the 
abundance of raw material and unsurpassed railroad facilities plac 
ing her far in the lead in this respect. 



HUTCHINSON. 

Situated on the north bank of the Arkansas river, with the fertile 
Arkansas valley stretching for miles on either side, pouring the 
wealth of its products into its markets, Hutchinson is the metropolis 
of Southwestern Kansas, and one of the most promising cities in 
Kansas. Four trunk railway lines place the city in communication 
with the rest of the world, and furnish abundant facilities for the 
transportation of the agricultural products of the surrounding 
country. 



108 KANSAS. 



THE SALT INDUSTRY. 

In its production of salt, Hutcninson has become deservedly fa- 
mous, the output of that article at the present time being from 
sixty to eighty cars a day, representing a cash value of from $5,000 
to $8,000 daily, and the quality is not exceeded by that of any other 
salt producing locality, and the daily output is larger than that of 
any other plant in the world. 

Hutchinson is a beautiful city, as well as a substantial city. The 
broad avenues are lined on each side by beautiful homes, surrounded 
by handsome lawns that tell of the thrift, wealth and refinement of 
her people. Large hotels, solid stone and brick business blocks, 
electric light and power, gas, water works and street cars give 
evidence of business prosperity and financial growth. Three banks, 
occupying their own buildings, do a daily business of $1,300,000, and 
one bank alone has deposits amounting to over a million dollars. 

During the past year a handsome theater has been erected at a 
cost of $35,000, and it is one of the handsomest and best arranged 
in the State. Across the street from the theater a new court house 
has been erected at a cost of $75,000, an*d on every hand is evidence 
of wealth and prosperity that stamps Hutchinson as the best city 
in the Arkansas Valley. 

The State Reformatory is located here, and at the other extremity 
of the city is located a handsome park, with one of the best tracks 
in the State. The auditorium, capable of seating 3,000 people, to- 
gether with the hotel and railroad facilities, has made Hutchinson 
the great convention town of the State. One of the annual attrac- 
tions is the Musical Jubilee, which is participated in each year by 
musicians of note from all parts of the United States, and attracts 
thousands to the city. This event is held during the last week 
in May. 

Surrounded by the best agricultural, horticultural and cattle coun- 
try in the State; with its excellent shipping advantages, its salt 
industry^ the greatest in the world; its wholesale houses, Hutchin- 
son affords opportunities for industry, capital, and enterprise sec- 
ond to no city in the West. It already has a population of 10,000, 
and is rapidly increasing. 



KANSAS. 109 

The Shady Grove Creamery has skimming stations in various parts 
of Kansas, within a radius of 100 miles from Hutchinson, and, with a 
capacity of 25,000 pounds daily, ships, in car lots, to Boston and other 
Eastern points. 

As an apple and grape shipping point, the city is rapidly pushing to 
the front. Hundreds of thousands of fruit trees have been planted, 
and vineyards set out, and the fruit business is now one of the most 
important industries. 

LAWEENCE. 

Population, 9,997. Founded in 1854. 

Its numerous schools, colleges, churches and literary societies, have 
given it a celebrity enjoyed by few places anywhere in the great West. 

Around these varied interests has gathered a population of refined, 
educated people whose influence and association are particularly favorable 
to the student's work. It would be difficult to find a place in which 
young men and women can pursue a course of studies under more favor- 
able circumstances, with greater chances of success or with less expense. 
First among the attractions of the City of Lawrence, is the State Univer- 
sity. Situated upon the lofty brow of Mount Oread, it overlooks the city 
at its base, the Kansas River, winding around the Delaware bluffs, the 
timber-lined Wakarusa, and a line of hills beyond. 

Another attractive feature of Lawrence is Bismarck Grove, one of the 
grandest natural parks in the country. Art has added to its beauties, 
and now there are three beautiful lakes in it, fed by water works, on 
which are kept several row boats for the use of the visitor. Bismarck 
Grove has become famous for its fine herd of bufialo and deer, and 
hundreds of people visit the park to see the last remnant of the "Monarch 
of the Plains." 

The United States Indian School, better known as the Haskell Insti- 
tute, is located just outside the city limits. There are four very large 
buildings constructed so as to form a half circle, and here are being 
educated some four hundred Indian girls and boys, from about forty 
different tribes. It is an industrial school, and all must work at some 
trade a half day and go to school the other half. The boys are uniformed 
and the six companies form the Haskell Institute Battalion, which, 
headed by their band of Indian boys, makes an imposing appearance. 
Many visitors go out to the school to witness their weekly drills. 



110 KANSAS. 

The rare advantages offered to manufacturers by the almost unlimited 
water power ; the numerous railroads, directly connecting it with all 
points of the country ; the facilities for securing either a classical or com- 
mercial education — all combine in bringing hundreds of people to the 
city. 

SALINA. 

Population, 7,000. Salina is in the very center of the wheat belt, 
with inexhaustible agricultural resources surrounding it. It has become 
a great shipping point, and its large elevators and mills do an enormous 
business. In like proportion its other business interests have developed — 
wholesale and retail houses, manufactories, packing establishments, gas 
works, electric lights, street railways, book binderies, in fact, everything 
that goes to make a large and prosperous city. 

Salina is proud of her schools and colleges. Its five large public school 
buildings accommodate about one thousand scholars, and its advanced 
institutions of learning have already acquired more than a State reputa- 
tion. The Normal University, erected at a cost of $40,000, attracts scores 
of students every year ; the Kansas Wesleyan, controlled by the Metho- 
dist denomination, has exceeded the expectations of its founders, and 
the St. John Military Institute offers special courses that the young men 
are rapidly taking advantage of. Believing that the prosperity of a city 
depends upon the intelligence of its people, active and untiring efforts 
were made to secure these institutions. As is to be expected in a city of 
schools, Salina has many churches, and the local organizations are pro- 
gressive and prosperous. 

ARKANSAS CITY. 

Population, 8,347. "With the opening of the Cherokee Strip, Arkansas 
City became at once a most important point. It is a thriving, busy 
place already, and the impetus given it by the settlement of the new 
lands unquestionably increased its commercial importance. 

A canal five miles long, running through the city, from the Arkansas 
to the Walnut rivers, affords 15,000-horse power, that can easily be 
increased, and already places the city at the front as a manufacturing 
center. The factories which depend on the canal for their power are 
the City Roller Mills, with a capacity of 1,000 barrels a day; the 



KANSAS. Ill 

Plummer Chair Factory, Kirkwood Windmill Factory, mattress factory, 
Canal Planing Mills and electric light works. 

The city also contains a foundry and machine shops, two wholesale 
groceries, and one wholesale dry goods store, one hotel building which 
cost $125,000, another $45,000, and an opera house building worth 
175,000. This gives an idea of the business buildings of the city, and 
it must be inferred that other business buildings, which are numerous, 
compare favorably with those named. All the best buildings are built 
of cut stone, which is quarried a few miles from town. 

NEWTON. 

Population, 7,000 ; county seat of Harvey county. It is also a junction 
point of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway and the Missouri 
Pacific Railway. Among the prominent industries of the city are the 
roller mills, the cornice works, and the carriage and wagon factories, 
whose products are extensively used over the entire West. Newton is 
well supplied with papers, there being two daily, one semi-weekly and 
three weekly newspapers. 

There are three banks, two national and one state, where a large 
annual business is transacted. 

Thirteen churches are established here, of all the leading denomina- 
tions, and Bethel College, the only Mennonite college in North America. 

Newton is a large grain market, and is one of the largest live-stock 
markets in the state. Its creameries in the season of 1897 paid over 
$50,000 to the farmers of Harvey county. The city owns the water- 
works system and has one of the finest water supplies in the state. 
The improvements made in the last year exceed $250,000. The county 
is free from debt, and all is good, tillable land. 

OSAWATOMIE. 

The population of Osawatomie is at present about three thousand, 
and it is a steady, growing community. Natural gas has been devel- 
oped by the Pennsylvania Gas and Mining Company, which has an 
extensive plant and furnishes light and fuel to the entire city. 

The Kansas State Insane Asylum is located here, and is an imposing 
structure, comprising three handsome buildings. 



112 



KANSAS 



Osawatomie is a historic place, as it was the home of John Brown, 
and is the place where the now famous "Battle of Osawatomie" was 
fought. A monument to the memory of John Brown has been erected 
within two blocks of the depot, and is visited by many tourists. 

The Missouri Pacific Railway Company has extensive machine and 

car shops here, yards, and superintendent's headquarters, employing 

several hundred men. 

OTTAWA. 

Population, 8,006. The railway repair shops are located here, with 
large and commodious buildings, round-houses, etc., employing 200 men ; 



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MEMORIAL GATEWAY AT KNTRANf'E OF FOREST PARK, OTTAWA. KANSAS, ERECTED IN 

HONOR OF CO. K., 20th kans. reg't. VOL. (Inside view.) 

three grain elevators, three banks, three mills, weekly newspapers and 
daily newspapers, extensive nurseries, an excellent creamery, foundry, 
planing mill, furniture factory, soap factory, cob pipe factory, wire 
fence factories, and no saloons. Recently there has been organized a 
natural gas and development company, which has put down profitable 
wells. ''Forest Park" is the pride of the city. It is splendidly im- 
proved and fitted up with buildings of various kinds, wherein are 
held the county fair and widely known Chautauqua Assembly. There 
are four graded schools, a commercial college and a Baptist university, 
with a full college course. Ottawa is literally a "city of churches," 
there being eighteen church buildings. The First Baptist Church is 
one of the finest in the state. "The Rohrbaugh" is considered the 
largest and finest opera house in Kansas. 



114 KANSAS. 

WINFIELD. 

Winfield is the county seat of Cowley county, which is famed through- 
out the State for the fine quality of magnesium limestone found within 
its limits, and used extensively for building purposes, the postoflSce at 
Topeka being built of it. Winfield was founded in 1871, and now has a 
good and solid population of 6,500. While its interests are largely 
agricultural, and it is noted as a fruit center, manufacturing and mercan- 
tile enterprises have not been neglected. There is a complete system of 
gas and water works, electric lights and street railroads. There are three 
railroads, four first-class hotels, two theatres, two colleges, four banks, 
and the same number of newspapers, three flour mills and two elevators, 
an ice plant and one large packing house, which, in addition to other 
industries, contribute to the general prosperity of the city. 

GARNETT. 

Garnett is the county seat of Anderson county, and has three rail- 
roads, two large public school buildings, eleven churches, a canning 
factory employing 150 hands during the packing season, a large furniture 
factory, good hotels, two banks and many good dry goods, grocery and 
implement stores. The population is about 2,500. There are about 150 
miles of railway in the county, and all farms are within a short distance 
of some railway station. The surrounding country is excellent farming 
land, with plenty of good building stone and a good supply of water, 

ANTHONY. 

Population, 1,806. County seat of Harper County. 

It is situated at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and western 
termination of the 'Frisco railroad, thus securing outlets to points 
north, northeast, east and southeast. The Hutchinson & Southern 
Railroad is a feeder for the Union Pacific, and its southern pros- 
pective point is Galveston. Texas. The district adjacent to the 
ground on which the city is built is an open, gently undulating 
prairie, with a fertile soil, suitable for the cultivation of all cereals, 
but producing chiefly at present good crops of wheat, oats and corn. 
The succulent grasses, along with the plentiful supply of water, 
render this one of the finest cattle raising districts in the State. 

The salt industry, one of the natural resources of Anthony, is 
treated elsewhere in this volume. 



KANSAS. 115 

INDEPENDENCE 

Is the county seat of Montgomery County, Kansas, in the Southeastern 
part of the State, and is located on the Verdigris River. All industries 
common to a thriving Western city are to be found here. The popula- 
tion, with a rapid but steady increase, is now 4,000. The United States 
land office is located here. Independence is an important railroad 
point, and has great advantages, recommending it to both home-seekers 
and investors. A county high school is now building, designed to cost 
$25,000. Coal is extensively mined in this vicinity ; an excellent lime- 
stone is plentiful, and good building stone is found in large quantities 
in the river bluffs, A brick plant and creamery are located here, and 
natural gas affords fuel and light. 

There are two weekly newspapers and one daily, fourteen churches, 
three banks and seven hotels. The surrounding country is an undula- 
ting prairie, and about 25 per cent of it is bottom land. Timber is 
abundant. 

Mcpherson. 

McPherson, the county seat of McPherson County, has a steadily 
increasing population of about 3,100. The city has electric lights, 
waterworks, churches, and fine school buildings. The Dunkard College 
here has recently been enlarged. There are four railroads intersecting 
at this point. An ice plant has been erected in the last year, and two 
large flour mills. McPherson County is one of the banner wheat-pro- 
ducing counties of the State; the value of the farming lands in the 
county is over $12,000,000. Throughout the entire county are found 
evidences of the flourishing condition of the country. 

As it is situated near the center of the State, surrounded by fine 
farming lands, McPherson is destined to be one of the most prosperous 
towns in Kansas. 

COFFEYVILLE. 

To the title of a clean residence place, a veritable housekeeper's 
paradise, Coffeyville has strong claims. There is n© soot, no coal; 
natural gas is the natural fuel of the town. There are sixteen gas wells 



KANSAS. 117 

in operation, furnishing light and fuel to about 1,000 residences, stores, 
churches, factories, supplying light and power to all industries that 
require fuel. To all such, in which the item of fuel is important, the 
City of Coffeyville offers remarkable inducements. The railroad con- 
nections and shipping facilities are the most complete of any town in 
Southern Kansas, and it is the second largest grain distributing point 
in the State, being surpassed in this only by Kansas City. Among the 
leading industries of Coffeyville may be mentioned a vitrified brick 
factory, manufacturing brick from bluff shale and burning same with 
natural gas ; large flouring mills and mammoth elevators, sash and 
door factories and planing mills, ice plants and cold storage ware- 
houses, railroad repair shops (four division termini of the Missouri 
Pacific are located here), and all lines of business are well represented. 
Coffeyville also has a recently erected pottery plant, a paper mill, and 
an egg-case filler factory. There are four large three-story brick school 
houses, and eleven churches of various denominations. An electric 
light and power plant is also to be erected here shortly. The popula- 
tion of Coffeyville is rapidly and steadily increasing, being now over 
5,500. This city will repay investigation. 

PITTSBURG. 

Pittsburg has made remarkable gains in the last few years, the 
percentage of gain in population (which is now 13,000) exceeding that 
of any other city in the State, and raising its rank among the cities of 
the State from ninth to sixth in the last year. To this large number is 
practically added the population of the adjacent mining camps, making 
in all nearly 20,000. 

Pittsburg is situated in the center of the great Kansas coal fields, and 
the annual tonnage of Pittsburg coal product exceeds that of the com- 
bined wheat and corn crop of Kansas. 

There are five large zinc smelting works, railroad machine shops, the 
largest vitrified brickworks in the State, wood-working manufacturing 
mills, and further, excellent opportunities for the exercise of business 
ability in all lines. 

There is also a packing house, ten big wholesale houses, a foundry 
and machine shop of considerable extent, which is now being doubled 



KANSAS. 



119 



in capacity, flour mill, and a paid fire department. The hotel accom- 
modations are as fine as any in the State. 

Five railroad systems pass through Pittsburg, and fifteen passenger 
trains arrive daily. The city has all first-class improvements, such as 
paved streets, gas and electric light, waterworks, and electrrc street 
car lines extending to the neighboring mining camps. 

The public school system is unexcelled, churches of all denomina- 
tions are to be found, and the social and other features of the city are 
all that can be desired. 




KANSAS CATTLE. 

The cheapest and best fuel ever known is found here in unlimited 
quantities. Pine and manufacturing timber is easily obtainable a short 
distance from here, and is readily accessible by railroad. 

The untold millions of natural resources surrounding the city makes 
its growth rapid, substantial and inevitable. 

NEODESHA. 

The "Oil City of the West" is the name now most freq[uently applied 
to Neodesha. This city is situated in the Southeastern part of the State, 
in the valley between the Verdigris and Fall Rivers, and surrounded by 



120 KANSAS. 

a most fertile and resourceful country. Few cities have a more promis- 
ing outlook. There are fifty-five producing oil wells and three gas wells, 
which supply the town with fuel and light. The oil industries are being 
rapidly developed. A large refinery has just been erected by the Stand- 
ard Oil Company. The products are two grades of illuminating oil, 
gasoline, naphtha, benzine, gas oil and fuel oil, this last being much 
used in the smelters of Kansas and Nebraska. The refineries at Neo 
desha are connected by pipe line with the large storage tanks at Thayer, 
fifteen miles distant. 

The production of oil exceeds the capacity of the refineries. Large 
supply stores for oil well machinery are located here and doing a rush- 
ing business. Agriculture and stock-raising are the principal industries 
of the county, and of that section of the State, and Neodesha is the 
natural marketing place for the agricultural products of the section 
tributary to Neodesha ; 75 per cent of the wheat was marketed there, 
and 80 per cent of the corn crop was sold to local stock feeders. 

There are now twelve living gas wells, and about one hundred 
producing oil wells in the territory immediately adjacent to the town. 
The municipal gas and water works are the property of the city. 
There are five churches, with good buildings, good schools, and the 
population is in the neighborhood of 2,500. 

The large brick school building, with a competent force of teachers, 
provides ample educational facilities. Neodesha«has two daily papers 
^nd two banks. 

lOLA. 

Allen county is in the southeastern part of the State, and is a pros- 
perous and well-settled section. The general surface of the country is 
rolling ; the Neosho river and its numerous tributaries provide an abun- 
dance of water, and the land is well timbered. 

The county seat is lola, a city of magnificent resources in the way of 
natural gas, of which there is a practically unlimited supply. In 1893, 
a large well was uncovered, having a capacity of more than 3,000,000 
cubic feet a day. The discovery of the first great well made it certain 
that other investors would enter the field, and at the present time the 
daily output ranges from 3,000,000 to 12,000,000 cubictfeet each. The 
town is lighted by natural gas. 



KANSAS. 121 

.1 

An important feature of this gas is its freedom from sulphur and 
phosphorus, which renders it particularly well adapted to use in the 
working of iron and steel. 

As a direct result of the discovery of natural gas, Tola is rapidly 
becoming a manufacturing city. Already two immense zinc smelting 
plants are in operation, and three more are under construction. A 
large building and vitrified brick plant, and an extensive iron foundry 
and manufacturing plant are already located here, and a large number 
of other industries are assured. The investments, by careful and 
conservative business men, of hundreds of thousands of dollars in 
these manufacturing plants is the best evidence that could be given of 
the extent, permanence, and value of the lola gas fields. 

During the last two years. Tola has increased from 1,700 to over 5,000 in 
population, and there is every indication that the same ratio of increase 
will continue for many years to come. Capital seeking investment in 
manufacturing industries will meet with a cordial welcome, and with 
very substantial inducements in the way of sites and fuel. 

To the manufacturer in lines where fuel is an important item, lola 
offers unparalleled advantages. Gas is a superior fuel, and is to be had 
here at an almost nominal figure. 

WACONDA SPRING. 

Among the prominent mineral springs of the West, the celebrated 
Waconda, or "Spring of the Great Spirit," takes high rank. Situated 
in a beautiful valley of the Solomon River, on the Central Branch of 
the Missouri Pacific Railway, is this, one of the most remarkable 
mineral springs in the world. 

For long ages before the white man disputed with the red the 
possession of the West, was this spring known among all the tribes as a 
manifest action of the Great Spirit's beneficence, a mark of divine 
favor to the race. From far places the Indians came to this spring to 
obtain relief from their ills, and to propitiate the supernatural powers 
by offerings and ceremonies. 

The character of the spring did not change, its health-giving 
properties did not depart, upon the advent of the Caucasian. The 
water was, and still is, a marvelous tonic to the entire system. It 
upbuilds mentally no less than physically, and the results obtained by 







n 






i 



i 






KANSAS. 123 

its use, in all forms of nervous affections especially, are truly 
remarkable. 

Time was when the Indian made weary and arduous journeys to this 
haven for the ailing, but now the journey thither is one of pleasure, a 
recollection to be treasured through succeeding years. 

To reach the Waconda Spring, you simply take the Missouri Pacific 
Railway, and it takes you to the front door of the commodious and 
substantial hotel at Waconda. It is no trouble at all to get there. 

CHETOPA. 

The City of Chetopa is situated in Labette County, on the banks of 
the Neosho River, with a population, which has gained rapidly during 
the last year, of about 4,000. The business buildings are of brick, and 
one, the " Bush Building," just completed, is of white limestone, from 
Carthage, Mo., and adds greatly to the attractiveness of the city. 
The streets are well made, lighted with electric light, and have vitrified 
brick sidewalks. Chetopa being situated in the "Gas Belt" does not 
want for manufacturing industries, the wells being but one mile from 
the city. On the 24th of October the gas was brought to the city by 
pipeline, and before the close of the present year, 1898, all residences, 
stores and so forth will be enhanced in attractiveness by the use of this 
cheap, and at the same time thorough, illuminant and fuel. A wate'r 
works system has just been completed, and pipes have been laid for 
the city water service. A complete telephone system has been placed in 
operation. Her public school system is the pride of Chetopa, scholars 
from the Chetopa high school passing direct to the State University. A 
112,000 opera house affords opportunity for theatrical entertainments, 
and good companies frequently appear in the standard dramas. As to 
hunting and fishing, Chetopa is in the middle of an unusually rich field, 
black bass, crappie, jack salmon, snipe, plover, prairie chicken, quail, 
jack rabbits, and so forth, being found within short distance of the 
town. Parties seeking healthful and pleasant location for business 
enterprises should give Chetopa close inspection. 

KIOWA. 
Among the good towns of Kansas may be mentioned Kiowa, a pros- 
perous city of 1,000 population, in the southern part of the State. The 
stores of Kiowa do an immense wholesale and retail trade yvith the 
surrounding country, the leading towns of Oklahoma, and the Indian 



124 KANSAS. 

Territory doing business there. Among the numerous other industries 
of Kiowa, the large flour mill takes a high position. The city is the 
headquarters for the cattlemen of Southern Kansas and of Oklahoma, 
who graze an enormous number of cattle in the vicinity of Kiowa every 
year. The public schools are up to the high standard of all the schools 
of Kansas, and in public buildings, churches, and so forth, Kiowa is 
surpassed by no city of its size in the State. 

CHEROKEE 
Is a prosperous town of about 1,500 population, situated in the southern 
part of Crawford County, in a rich agricultural and mining region, 
whose railroads furnish excellent shipping facilities for the large out- 
put of stock, grain and coal. Four blocks of smelters near the city 
employ a large number of men, and the coal mines, which are on all 
sides of the town, afford employment for a still larger number of men. 
Oil has been found within a short distance of the town, and will, in all 
probability, be developed in the near future, and add to the city's 
already prosperous condition. The city owns a good system of water 
works. The public schools are excellent, and the buildings commo- 
dious and comfortable. There are four churches, and all the leading 
lodges are well represented — Masons, Odd Fellows, and others. The 
city has large business houses, and a flour mill of great capacity. 

HIAWATHA 
Is called the prettiest miniature city in Kansas. And the reason? It 
has everything that the larger cities have, the municipality owning an 
electric light plant for street lighting, and a private company supplying 
incandescent or arc lights for residences or stores. The telephone 
service is complete, and unsurpassed, as connection may be had with 
every town in three States, and with every town in Brown County, of 
which Hiawatha is the county seat. But the pride of Hiawatha is her 
Academy and her Public Library. Educationally, and in a social way, 
the jewel city of Brown County ranks with the highest. The popula- 
tion is 5,000, and all are well-to-do. 

The manufacturing interests of Hiawatha are not large, the city 
depending upon the support of the rich and progressive farmers of the 
surrounding country, and the support is never-failing. Crop failures 
are entirely unknown. Farms to rent are scarce, and fewer are for 
sale. Land is worth from |40 to $500 an acre, and is very fertile. 



KANSAS. 125 

Hiawatha is a great distributing point, and this affords employment 
for a large number of people. 

QUENEMO. 

Among the smaller of the prosperous cities of Kansas may be ranked 
Quenemo, an active and progressive point on the banks of the Marais 
de Cygnes River, forty miles south of the State Capitol. 

The soil of the surrounding country is most fertile ; productive coal 
mines lie almost within the city limits ; a large flour mill, with the 
latest machinery, two elevators, and two broom factories are located , 
here. The population is now about 1,000, and is steadily increasing, 
with trade in all lines good, and steadily growing better. Four lines 
of railway center here, and the city bids fair to become one of the 
" good towns " of eastern Kansas. 

GREAT BEND. 

Great Bend is the gate-way city of the famed Arkansas Valley, and 
is located on the great Northern Bend of the Arkansas River, at an 
altitude of 1,700 feet, which places the city beyond all malarial 
influences, and secures it from the climatic fevers of the farther west 
mountainous country. The healthfulness of the climate is surpassed 
by that of no other locality. Pure air, pure water, and a mild climate 
conspire to render life pleasant and enjoyable. 

Great Bend has twelve Christian denominations, and eight churches. 
There are four public school buildings, and a Central Normal College, 
which draws a large number of students from the rest of the State. 

Among the industries of Great Bend may be mentioned: Three 
solid banks, two large flouring mills, four elevators, one foundry, two 
opera houses, four hotels, bottling works, butter and cheese factories, 
and the other general businesses common to prosperous Western towns. 

The city has an excellent system of waterworks, one daily, and four 
weekly newspapers, and a complete electric lighting system. There 
are also three railroads. 

Barton County is one of the great dairy counties of the State, paying 
out about $120,000 per annum for milk. 

The diversified farming, stock, and dairy interests of the county, the 
fruit raising, the easy and cheap irrigation, (when needed,) makes 
this section of Kansas much sought after. 



126 KANSAS. 



IRRIGATION. 

A great deal has been said and written lately about the possibilities 
of irrigation in Western Kansas. After carefully examining a number 
of articles on this subject in Federal and State reports the following from 
the pen of Robert Hay, chief geologist of the United States artesian and 
underflow investigation, has been selected as furnishing the best infor- 
mation available for a work of this character : 

" Finney, Gray, Ford and Hamilton counties are usually referred to as 
containing the irrigation region of Kansas. This is correct ; and Garden 
City may be considered the irrigation center. And yet, there was irri- 
gation in Kansas before the three more western of these counties were 
organized, nearly a decade before Garden City was born. In 1873 George 
Allman settled on the south bank of the Smoky Hill, a mile or two above 
Fort Wallace. One of the first improvements he made was to construct 
a ditch about a mile long, and, by the aid of a small dam, tap the first 
permanent water of that river. In proving up his claim, the dam, ditch 
and laterals were among the improvements he described. He grew cab- 
bages, potatoes, onions, and other garden stuff, which he sold at the fort, 
and wheat, alfalfa, and fruit have also received and repaid his attention. 
Mr. Allman has always done well on his farm, but last year a neighbor 
across the river made a larger dam higher up and took his water. As 
Kansas law on the subject is meager, and there is no local official to 
enforce it, Mr. Allman was in great difficulty when I saw him in June. 
What the outcome was I have not heard. Professors from more than 
one of our State institutions have camped on the Smoky river in this 
neighborhood during their summer explorations, but none have thought 
this ditch, now eighteen years old, worthy of any report. A change has 
taken place. Not only Western Kansas, but the middle and eastern sec- 
tions of the State, are talking about irrigation now. Not only is the 
Arkansas valley being irrigated in the counties mentioned above, but 
streams like the Republican, Sappa, the Prairie Dog, and the Cimarron 
are being utilized for this purpose. A small stream like Brush creek, in 
Graham county, has been dammed so as to irrigate twenty-five acres 



128 KANSAS. 

directly, by Mr. Nathan Krank, and about as much more is benefited by 
sub-irrigation from the pool above the dam. A small stream known as 
Spring creek, in Meade county, has been used to water four hundred 
acres on the Crooked L ranch, and in the same county, and in Hamilton, 
some irrigation has been done by artesian wells, on an aggregate of about 
one hundred acres. 

" This meeting of the State Board of Agriculture devoting this time to 
the subject of irrigation is another proof of the changed tendency of pub- 
lic opinion on this subject, and the fact that the National Congress 
intrusted an investigation of this matter to the Secretary of Agriculture 
last spring, which is being continued [through this winter, shows the 
extent to which national interest in the development of the region of the 
Great Plains has extended. (The report of the summer work is now 
printed as a Senate document of the Fifty-first Congress, No. 222.) 

" We wish to contribute a little now to the store of facts, a knowledge of 
which will help to solve the question of the possibility of saving Western 
Kansas to settlement by the use of irrigation. By Western Kansas we 
mean particularly all that part lying between the 99th and 102d merid- 
ians ; that is, about 32,000 square miles. But, though this region is desig- 
nated, yet much of what will be said is true of the region adjoining for 
sixty or eighty miles further east, and of neighboring parts of Nebraska, 
Colorado and No Man's Land. 

"If the question be asked, is irrigation possible in Western Kansas? the 
answer, that the large ditches of the Garden City district and the smaller 
ones above mentioned exist, is an affirmative answer, but it is not a suf- 
ficient one. The area in question is over twenty million acres ; the area 
irrigated by all existing means is not more than a tenth of one million. 
The real question is, can irrigation agencies be extended fifty fold or even 
twenty fold ? If yes, then Western Kansas as a whole may become an 
agricultural region. If no, then the bulk of it must be relegated to pas- 
toral occupations. Perhaps when we are through, agriculturists and the 
holders of Western mortgages may take a hopeful view. 

" All the region indicated forms part of the great plains. There are no 
mountains, and the hills of erosion are comparatively few. But there are 
numerous valleys — valleys of erosion— cut out of the body of the plains. 
We have, then, two diverse topographic features which characterize the 
region, viz. : the valleys and the flat or rolling table lands which separate 
the valleys. At the eastern part of the region the valleys have their 



KANSAS 



129 



greatest size. They are broad and deep, while the plateaus are elongated 
easterly, with decreasing width. To the west the valleys are less deep 
and have less running water, while the divides merge into widely 
extended plains. 

"With one exception, all the rivers that make and flow through these 
valleys have their origin in the plains. They are not mountain streams. 




The one exception is the Arkansas. Its head waters are mountain tor- 
rents, which gather their waters from melting snows of the Rocky Moun- 
tains. There is always water in the Arkansas in spring and early sum- 
mer. We shall not discuss here whether the amount in the visible 
stream is enough for the irrigation of all the acres already under ditch 



130 KANSAS. 

and the ditches yet to be constructed. This year the Sangre de Christo 
range, and the high mountains around the Royal Gorge, and those 
about the torrents that form the Fountain, are white with snow, and 
there is reason to expect this coming season all the ditches dependent on 
the Arkansas and its mountain-fed affluents will be filled for the fertili- 
zation of the land. We shall leave the Arkansas valley out of this dis- 
cussion, except that we may incidentally refer to it in connection with 
the question of subterranean waters. 

" The other rivers, then, are all rivers of the plains. They have their 
source and course there. 

"We narrow down our inquiry, therefore, and state it thus: Is there 
water within reach, available for the irrigation of the valleys of these 
rivers of the jjlains, and the high prairie, the plateaus between them ? 

" First, with regard to the valleys. Let us name them, using for them 
the names of the rivers which run through them. The Arickaree, or 
Middle Fork of the Republican, the South Fork of the Republican, the 
two Beavers, the Sappa, the Prairie Dog, the two Solomons, the Saline, 
the Smoky Hill, the Walnut, the Whitewoman, the Cimarron, and the 
Medicine. The visible water in these streams is not enough to irrigate 
any large part of the first and second bottom lands of the valleys of more 
than three of them, viz. : the South Fork of the Republican, the Smoky 
and the Cimarron. It is only the first and last of these three which have 
visible water available at the State line. The Smoky has no visible 
water till more than a dozen miles within the State. One or two of its 
affluents show water a little further west. The Saline has no water fur- 
ther west than the east line <^f Thomas county. The Solomons about the 
same longitude. The Sappa and the Prairie Dog have only water in two 
counties. The Whitewoman rarely shows any water at all. The Walnut 
and Sawlog not much west of the 100th meridian, and the Medicine very 
little west of the 99th, 

" In many places these valleys are narrow and with steep banks, and 
the visible water could only with difficulty be led out to irrigate bottom 
lands. Still, many areas of from fifty to five hundred acres on these 
streams can be irrigated with the visible water, and more can be used 
for the irrigation of smaller areas from five to fifteen acres each. In 
places w^here it would be expensive to lead out the water to the land, it 
can be made to serve considerable areas by making an inexpensive dam 
that will back the water up for from half a mile to two miles, and so, by 




METHOD OF IRRIGATING GRAIN FIELD IN KANSAS. 



132 KANSAS. 

percolation, sub-irrigate the bottom land adjacent. A series of three such 
dams on the Prairie Dog, in Decatur county, in this way is making sure 
crops on about 100 acres of that valley. A similar dam above Oberlin, in 
the same county, is utilizing in the same way the waters of the Sappa. 
The dam at Norton Mill, Norton county, has also made fruitful a large 
field in the same way, and a similar case is seen on the North Solomon, 
near Edmund. This method is available not only on these streams, but 
in the valleys of small creeks, and in short ravines supplied by springs. 

" The largest of these streams would undoubtedly irrigate thousands of 
acres by ordinary ditches, if proper conservation of waters by local 
reservoirs were properly attended to. 

"These river-beds, above the points we have named as having first 
water, are almost altogether beds of sand or gravel which swallow up at 
once all the rainfall and only show wetness after the heaviest storms. 
Digging in the sand and gravel shows water at small depths in the dryest 
seasons. This water can be led out in ditches or pumped up and so used 
for irrigation. For these valleys this water may be called the underflow. 
It probably also exists under the river bottoms lower down the streams, 
and may there also be utilized for irrigation as well as the surface-flow. 
How much of this underflow there is in these valleys is at present 
unknown. It depends on the width of the valley, the quantity (depth) 
of the sand or gravel that contains it, or in other words, the depth to 
bed-rock, the chalk or the shale which bounds it. There is certainly a 
quantity which in every valley would irrigate hundreds of acres in each 
county in which these valleys are. In the valley of the Arkansas the 
underflow has been tested and utilized at Dodge City and at Hartland. 
With the slope of that valley it appears to yield fifteen cubic feet of water 
per second in a sub-flow ditch a mile long reaching to six feet below the 
water-level. It also appears to draw the water from five hundred feet on 
each side the ditch. In the valley of the Platte in Nebraska similar 
results are obtained with the underflow. In the valley of the Fountain 
river, eighteen miles above Pueblo, a good stream is brought to the sur- 
face in less distance because of the greater slope of the valley. Without 
a long, costly underground ditch it is doubtful whether the underflow can 
be tapped, even in the larger valleys of Kansas, in sufficient volume to 
flow into extended ditches that would reach the high prairie outside the 
valleys. On the other band, there is no doubt that, even in the smaller 
valleys, much w^ater may be obtained and used to irrigate a large propor- 



KANSAS. 133 

tion of the valley slopes. Some of the long ditches supplied from the 
surface-waters of the mountain-fed Arkansas lead waters out of the valley 
to irrigate the upland plateau. It is doubtful whether the surface-waters 
or these with the waters of the underflow of any other river in Kansas 
can be led out to the neighboring plateaus. 

" The question then recurs, How can the plains proper — the plateaus 
between the rivers — be irrigated ? 

" Many thousands of settlers have taken land on these prairies. Many 
hundreds of wells have been dug, or bored, for w^ater. It has been 
observed that the wells on a particular divide or plateau have about the 
same depth. Thus, the wells between the Sappa and the Prairie Dog, on 
the high prairie, reach water at about a depth of eighty feet. On the 
divide between the two Cimarrons, in the southwest, the depth is also 
about eighty feet for wells, over an extent of sixty miles. On the plain 
of Western Meade county, wells are from 150 to 165 feet deep. This 
uniform depth over a given area justifies the use of the term sheet-ivater. 
That is, water is found in a layer or sheet of porous material, sand, 
gravel, or conglomerate. The similarity of depth on the same plateau 
shows the same water-bearing stratum, but there are irregularities in 
depth and in the quantity of water, that show that the stratum is not 
absolutely uniform, and though, in nine cases out of ten, water will be 
found as expected, yet the tenth well sometimes is a failure. The causes 
of these phenomena, after a study of them for more than seven years, 
have become sufficiently plain to the writer. They cannot here be fully 
expounded. They have been referred to in other articles published by 
the State Board in several reports. 

" We note one important fact. Notwithstanding the occasional failure 
of a well, the existence of a large body of water under each plateau is 
andoubted. Of the vast number of wells on the prairies, there are very 
few that under the heaviest strain show signs of exhaustion. Some rail- 
way wells are unexhausted by horse or steam pumps. Is, then, this 
water sufficient to be used for irrigation ? We believe it is. Let it be 
understood that a man and his family can not farm 160 acres under irri- 
gation. And also let it be understood, that if he can irrigate five acres 
he can live, and if he can irrigate twenty acres he can grow rich. If, 
then, water to irrigate five acres and upwards on every quarter-section 
can be obtained on the quarter-section, the farmer can live through the 
driest years, and in wet years the rest of his farm will produce, as we 




IRRIGATION LAKE, GREAT BEND, KAN. 



4^ 



f f 




J 



HEAD GATES OF GRAND LAKE RESERVOIR CANAL. 



KANSAS. 135 

know, abundantly. Powerful windmills attached to these high-prairie 
wells, would fill reservoirs that could be scraped out on the highest part 
of the farm, which would enable a few acres of alfalfa, sorghum, orchard, 
or cabbages to be watered at the critical time in June- or July, and so save 
the livelihood of the family. 

" The source of this water — the sheet- water under the plains, and the 
surface and sub-flow of the valleys, excluding the Arkansas— is the same. 

" The formation holding the water of the well, is one which, while 
having certain variations, is remarkably uniform over wide areas. 
Specimens, that seem as if they were parts of the same lump, come from 
localities as widely separated as the Republican valley in Nebraska, the 
Panhandle of Texas, and Canon City, Colorado. The formation is a 
limy grit, with many pebbles. When the pebbles predominate it is a con- 
glomeration ; when lime and sand are plentiful it resembles chunks, of 
mortar from an old wall, and we call it the " mortar-beds." When lime 
is the prevalent material, with little or no grit, it is in Kansas known 
as native lime ; in New Mexico and Texas it has the Spanish name 
of Tierra hlanca, or white earth. This last form is comparatively 
rare, though locally abundant, and the gritty forms are well known in 
the plains region. We may call it the plains grit, or, referring to its 
geological age, the tertiary grit. Seen a few times it is always easily 
recognized. It crops on the Cimarron, in Morton county, on the Arkan- 
sas, at Dodge City, on the Prairie Dog, Sappa, and Solomon, in Norton, 
Decatur and Graham counties, on the Whitewoman, in Greeley county, 
and in numerous other localities. On the high prairies it is buried under 
from twenty-five to one hundred and fifty feet of the plains marl (the 
smooth, uniform, fawn-colored subsoil of the plains), but on the edges of 
the valleys it often indicates its presence where its outcrop is not con- 
spicuous. The gravels of the valleys and slopes are the weathered 
remains — the debris of the grit. It varies from forty to one hundred 
and fifty feet in thickness. Where it is well covered there is water all 
through it. Near the outcrop the water is near the bottom. Nearly all 
the springs of the regions come out of it or from under it ofi" the lime- 
stones or shales which form the bed-rock just below it. Where the river 
valleys have cut through it they begin to have permanent water. There 
is no river of the plains which has constant running water till it has cut 
tlirough the grit. Above that level the beds are the dry arroyos before 
described. 



136 K AN S A S . 

"This plains grit, then, is the immediate source of the waters of the 
region, the sheet- waters of the high prairie, the visible streams, springs 
and sub-flow of the valleys. 

"We believe it is sufficiently abundant to irrigate from five to twenty 
acres on every quarter-section, and that is enough to make Western 
Kansas constantly prosperous. 

"All subterranean waters have their origin in the atmosphere. The 
rains and snows of the plains region, which are not evaporated, find 
their way, by slow percolation, to the grit below, and are stored in its 
porous beds. It is for man to have the grit to raise them and use them 
on the land. Some beds of grit reach vo the foothills of the Rocky 
Mountains ; but it is not thence that the waters of the plains descend. 
The rainfall of western Kansas is forty to fifty per cent greater than that 
of the foothills region, and it is this rainfall that supplies the subter- 
ranean reservoirs of the West. Properly used, this subterranean supply 
will make the sub-arid region become the home of a numerous and 
prosperous people. So be it." 

For the benefit of those who contemplate irrigation, the following 
tables are given. They are based on the standard units of measure 
commonly used in this country, the cubic foot of 1,728 inches, the United 
States standard gallon of 231 cubic inches, the California miner's inch 
of 34.6 cubic inches per second or 1.2 cubic feet per minute; the Colo- 
rado miner's inch of 45 cubic inches per second, or 1.56 cubic feet per 
minute; the acre inch of 3,630 cubic feet, the acre foot of 43,560 cubic 
feet, the square mile foot of 640 acre feet, and the ton of 2,000 pounds. 
The weight of a cubic foot of water is taken as being 6j pounds. Tables 
are taken from the Irrigation Annual for 1897. 



KANSAS. 



137 



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KANSAS. 139 



POPULATION OF KANSAS TOWNS AND CITIES. 



The population of the State in 1900 is 1,470,495, as compared with 
a population in 1890 of 1,427,096, representing an increase during 
the decade of 43,399, or 3.0 per cent. The population for 1900 is 
more than thirteen times as large as the population given for 1860, 
the first year in which its population appears in the census report. 

The total land surface of Kansas is, approximately, 81,700 square 
miles; the average number of persons to the square mile at the 
censuses of 1890 and 1900 being as follows: 1890, 17.4; 1900, 18.0. 

The following table will show the population of Kansas from 
1860 to 1900 at each census, with the increase and percentages, and 
the second table shows the population of all incorporated cities on 
the lines of the Missouri Pacific Railway, as reported for the 
census of 1900: 



Census years. Population. 

1900 1,470,495 

1890 1,427,096 

1880 996,096 

1870 364,39y 

1860 107,206 



INCORPORATED CITIES ON THE MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILWAY IN KANSAS, 

1900. 

Alton 287 

Altoona , 299 

Anthony 1,179 

Argonia 309 

Arkansas City 6,140 

♦Arlington 312 

Atchison 15,722 

Beloit 2,359 

Blue Mound 738 

Blue Rapids 1,100 

Brainerd 70 

Bronson 361 

*Buffalo 299 

Burr Oak 671 597 74 13 



, Increase . 

Number. Per cent. 


53,399 


3.0 


431,000 


43.0 


631,697 


173.4 


257,193 


239.9 







Percent- 


1890. 


Increase. 


age. 


338 


If 51 


H 15 


265 


34 


13 


1,806 


H 627 


1 35 


376 


1 67 


If 18 


8,347 


12,207 


1 26 


13,963 


1,759 


13 


2,455 


IF 96 


t 39 


689 


49 


7 


936 


164 


18 


180 


t 110 


t 62 


352 


9 


3 







Percent 


1890. 


Increase. 


age. 


542 


345 


62 


898 


1 72 


1 8 


640 


292 


46 


534 


121 


23 


1,087 


259 


24 


2,265 


1 246 


1 11 


408 


1 40 


1 10 


622 


1 13 


t 2 


1,137 


20 


2 


2,282 


2,261 


99 


474 


9 


2 


212 


13 


6 


3,184 


217 


7 


681 


33 


5 


291 


134 


46 



140 KANSAS. 



1900. 

Caney 887 

Cawker 816 

Cedarvale 932 

Centralia 655 

Cherokee 1,326 

Chetopa 2,019 

Clearwater 368 

Clifton 609 

Clyde 1,157 

Coffeyville 4,953 

Colony 483 

Colwich 255 

Concordia 3,401 

Conway Springs 714 

Corning 425 

*Coronado 10 

Council Grove 2,265 2,211 54 2 

Dexter '380 371 9 2 

*Downs 938 

Edna 374 

Effingham 634 

El Dorado 3,466 

Elk City 709 

Eureka 2,091 

Everest 502 

Fort Scott 10,322 

Frankfort 1,167 

Fredonia 1,650 

Freeport 83 

Garnett , 2,078 

Gaylord 302 

Geneseo 466 

Glen Elder 481 

*Goffs 365 

Great Bend 2,470 

Greeley 394 

Greenleaf 854 

Gypsum City 552 

Hazleton 143 

Herington 1,609 

Hiawatha 2,829 

Hoisington 789 

Hope 557 



321 




53 


17 


361 




273 


76 


3,339 




127 


4 


796 


1 


87 


1 11 


2,259 


t 


168 


1 7 


478 




24 


5 


11,946 


1F1624 


% 14 


1,053 




114 


11 


1,515 




135 


9 


138 


t 


55 


1" 40 


2,191 


1 


113 


1 5 


314 


1 


12 


1 4 


399 




67 


17 


407 




74 


]8 


2,450 




20 


413 


514 


If 


120 


If 27 


916 


1 


62 


t 7 


530 




22 


4 


319 


t 


176 


1 55 


1,353 




256 


19 


2,486 




343 


14 


446 




343 


72 


632 


1 


75 


1 12 



KANSAS. 141 

Percent- 

1900. 1890. Increase. age. 

Horace 90 150 t 60 140 

*Huroii 200 

Hutchinson 9,379 8,682 687 8 

Independence 4,851 3,127 1,724 55 

*Inman 352 

lola 5,791 1,706 3,085 181 

Irving 366 375 If 9 1[ 2 

Jamestown 400 372 28 8 

Jewell City 736 702 34 5 

Kanopolis 240 272 t 32 t 12 

Kansas City 51,418 38,316 13,102 34 

Kincaid 364 284 80 28 

Kingman 1,785 2,390 ^ 605 1 25 

Kiowa 765 893 t 128 If 14 

Kirwin 586 689 1 103 115 

LaCrosse 536 513 23 4 

*LaHarpe 610 

*Lancaster 292 

Larned 1,583 1,861 1 278 114 

Leavenworth 20,735 19,768 967 o 

Lenora 247 231 16 7 

Leoti 151 341 1 190 156 

Leroy 772 893 1 121 1 12 

Lindsberg 1,279 968 311 32 

Logan 449 390 59 15 

Lyndon 1,004 935 69 7 

Lyons 1,736 1,754 1 18 11 

McCracken 312 281 31 11 

McPherson , 2,996 3,172 1 176 5 

Madison 683 623 1 60 110 

Mankato 890 800 90 11 

Marquette 489 367 122 33 

Moran 464 463 1 .21 

Mound City 809 888 1 79 19 

Mound Ridge 557 443 114 26 

Mt. Hope 327 241 86 36 

Muscotah 462 524 1 62 1 12 

Neodesha 1,772 1,528 244 16 

Netawaka 330 267 63 24 

Newton 6,208 5,605 603 11 

Nickerson 1,038 1,662 1 624 1 38 

Norwich 311 301 10 3 

Osage City 2,792 3,469 1 677 1 20 



142 KANSAS 



1900. 

Osawatomie 4 , 191 

Osborne 1,075 

Ottawa 6,934 

Oxford 567 

Paolo 3,144 

Pittsburg 10,112 

Pleasanton 1,097 

Pomona 547 

Quenemo .» 682 

Randall. 268 

Republic City 241 

Salina 6,074 

Scandia 598 

Scott City 212 

Sedan 1,067 

South Hutchinson 225 

Stafford 1,068 

Sterhng 2,002 

Stockton 1,030 

Syracuse 460 

Topeka 33,608 

Toronto 695 

Uniontown 293 

^Vermillion 362 

Waterville 610 

Waverly 586 

Wetmore 434 

White\Yater 267 

Whiting 384 

Wichita 24,671 

^Willis 187 

Winfield 5,554 

Yates Center 1,634 









Percent- 


1890. 


Increase. 


age. 


2,662 


1,529 


57 


1,174 


1 


99 


If 8 


6,248 




686 


11 


665 


H 


98 


1 15 


2,943 




201 


7 


6,697 


3,415 


51 


1,139 


1 


42 


1 4 


466 




81 


17 


643 




■39 


6 


239 




29 


12 


228 




13 


6 


6,149 


If 


75 


1 1 


653 


1 


55 


1 8 


229 


If 


17 


t 7 


970 




97 


10 


321 


t 


96 


3 


640 




428 


67 


1,641 




361 


23 


880 




150 


17 


324 




136 


42 


31,007 


2 


,601 


8 


552 




143 


26 


344 


1 


51 


1 18 


577 




33 


6 


548 




38 


7 


522 


1 


88 


1 17 


184 




83 


45 


381 




3 


.78 


23,853 




818 


3 


5,184 




370 


7 


1,305 




329 


25 



* Indicates not included in census of; 
^ Indicates decrease. 



KANSAS 



143 



PRODUCTS OF LIVE STOCK, 1899. 
Tablk showing value of various products of live stock. 



Counties. 



Animals 

slaughtered 

or sold for 

slaughter. 



Allen 

Anderson 

Atchison 

Barber 

Barton 

Bourbon 

Brown 

Butler 

Chase 

Chautauqua . 

Cherokee 

Cheyenne .. 

Clark 

Clay 

Cloud 

Coffey 

Oonianche.- 

Oowley 

Crawford 

Decatur 

Dickinson ... 
Doniphan ... 

Douglas 

Edwards 

Elk 



Ellis 

Ellsworth 

Einney 

Ford 

Franklin 

Geary 

Gove 

Graham 

Grant 

Gray 

Greeley 

Greenwood.... 

Hamilton 

Harper 

Harvey 

Haskell 

Hodgeman .... 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jewell 

Johnson 

Kearny 

Kingman 

Kiowa 

Labette 

Lane 

Leavenworth. 

Lincoln 

Linn 

Logan 

Lyon 

Marion 

Marshall 

McPherson 

Meade 

Miami 



$ 382,405 
449,310 
530,917 
294,868 

89,601 
433,634 
956,822 
1.293,519 
1,033,077 
502,861 
212,927 

37,838 
108.474 
609,650 
897,961 
786,780 

58,265 
900.764 
363,064 
357,223 
696,148 
596,307 
512,990 

56,895 
774,922 

85,287 
876,954 

42,477 

61,878 
554,044 
383,606 

40,373 
12,5.760 

11,428 

40,064 

3,748 

1.599,597 

30,083 

190,176 

342,.524 

2,664 

30,082 

845.964 

867,448 

1,683,097 

589,386 

15,628 
333,342 

30.507 
302,553 
6,878 
510,072 
337,8^4 
430,725 

12,056 

1,283,832 

848,068 

1,116.502 

677,527 

44,585 
909.030 



Poultry 
and eggs. 



$ 63,067 
49,702 
34,970 
16,703 
55,067 
61,918 
50,428 
88,904 
18,148 
27,296 
40,064 
11,415 

1,977 
55,746 
76,037 
70,079 

4,677 
94,056 
57,745 
34,075 
78,103 
28,787 
47,220 
11,405 
43,696 
15,231 
43,495 

4,652 
13,951 
56,853 
23,600 

6,434 

17,851 

852 

3.408 

1,355 
60,185 

2,473 
27,589 
45,098 

1,582 

5,285 
54.871 
64,461 
112.021 
42,455 

2.796 
31.911 

4,618 
64,821 

4.574 
44,879 
54,634 
54,152 

4,379 
75.839 
76,093 
75,330 
77,110 

2,460 
66,978 



Wool clip, 1898. 



Pounds. 


Value. 


1,631 


$ 244 65 


2,575 


386 25 


880 


132 00 


10,500 


1,575 00 


900 


135 00 


3,465 


519 75 


77,567 


11,635 05 


1,050 


157 50 


3,772 


565 80 


700 


105 00 


785 


117 75 


5,480 


822 00 


8,-500 


1,275 00 


13,223 


1,983 45 


3,383 


507 45 


6,925 


1,038 75 


300 


45 00 


7,501 


1,1.34 15 


420 


63 00 


5,728 


859 20 


240 


36 00 


1,600 


240 00 


456 


68 40 


115 


17 25 


12,537 


1,880 55 


1,200 


180 00 


3,825 


573 75 


355 


53 25 


1.587 


238 05 


3,800 


570 00 


90 


13 50 


400 


60 00 


13,120 


1,968 00 


3,800 


570 00 


4,070 


610 55 


424 


63 60 


10.669 


1,600 35 


4,800 


720 00 


32,400 


4,860 00 


536 


80 40 


3,337 


500 55 


13,198 


1,979 70 


22,882 


3,432 30 


16,120 


2,418 00 


40 


6 00 


6,326 


948 90 


5,919 


887 85 



3,329 
28,442 

3,180 

5,-540 
55,224 

1.818 
25,600 

4,823 



499 35 
4.266 .30 

477 00 

831 00 
8,283 60 

272 70 
3,840 00 

723 45 



144 



KANSAS 



PRODUCTS OF LIVE STOCK-Contintjed. 



Counties. 



Animals 
slaughtered 
or sold for 
slaughter. 



Poultry 
and eggs 



Wool clip, 1S98. 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Mitchell 

Montgomery- 
Morris 

Morton 

Nemaha 

Neosho 

Ness -. 

Norton 

Osage 

Osborne 

Ottawa 

Pawnee 

Phillips 

Pottawatomie 

Pratt 

Rawlins 

Reno 

Republic 

Rice 

Riley 

Rooks 

Rush 

Russell 

Saline 

Scott 

Sedgwick 

Seward 

Shawnee 

Sheridan 

Sherman 

Smith 

Stafford 

Stanton 

Stevens 

Sumner 

Thomas 

Trego 

Wabaunsee .-• 

Wallace 

Washington ... 

Wichita 

Wilson 

Woodson 

Wyandotte •• •• 



Total 



$ 972,7.51 

328,986 

944,128 

1,818 

1,621,656 

619,846 

52,403 

574,534 

1,129,523 

744,298 

1,186,379 

36,108 

860,705 

1,689,599 

195,733 

96,027 

742,008 

803,256 

378,633 

822,890 

223,176 

62,582 

204,317 

419,095 

1,225 

867,410 

44,814 

852,555 

115,913 

37,069 

872,.325 

201,430 

2,172 

5,578 

.533,806 

56,236 

31,460 

1,946,971 

8,207 

1,052,647 

8,499 

658,031 

244,965 



$76,868 
53,556 
36,181 
420 
85,169 
84,-590 
13,331 
42,736 
66,926 
63,687 
36,276 
15,201 
73,-396 
62,537 
23,323 
23,188 
77,884 
95,715 
63,103 
56,374 
48,041 
30,848 
38,340 
51,867 

2,184 

96,173 

684 

47,001 

15,900 

13.001 

94,292 

31,025 

475 

798 

87,234 

16,-593 

8.386 
53.876 

2,252 
84,928 

3,739 
54,022 
29,390 
14,798 



$50,533,797 $4,241, 



20.1.35 
1,701 



1,300 
3,800 
1.105 



3,611 
6,-540 
240 
51 
4,474 
5,280 
2,-500 
8,061 
4,069 I 
159 I 
252 ' 

1.134 ; 

4,060 I 
4,095 1 

777 I 

130 : 



7.700 
28,653 



1.-510 

12,900 

1,-500 

1,261 

3,250 

900 

200 

2,850 

1,200 

23,006 

40,075 

28,-500 

1,-365 

16,005 

136 

19,270 

1,279 



$3,020 25 
255 15 



195 00 
570 00 
165 75 



■541 65 
98100 

36 00 
7 65 

671 10 
792 00 
375 00 
1,209 15 
610 35 
23 85 

37 80 
170 10 
609 00 
614 25 
116 55 

19 50 



1,1-55 00 
4,297 95 



226 50 

1,935 00 

225 00 

189 15 

487 50 

135 00 

30 00 

427 50 

180 00 

3,4-50 90 

6,011 25 

4,275 00 

204 75 

2,400 75 

20 40 

2,890 50 

191 85 



a2,181 I $106,827 15 



KANSAS 



145 



CROP REPORTS. 

The following table shows the yield of bushels of the various grains 
harvested in the year 1899 by counties. The figures contained therein 
are taken from the oflicial report of the Secretary of the State Board of 
Agriculture of the State of Kansas : 



COUNTIES. 



Winter 
Wheat. 



Bushels. 



Spring 
Wheat. 



Bushels. 



Corn. 



Bushels. 



Oats. 



Bushels. 



Rye. 



Bushels. 



Barley 



Bushels. 



Allen 


80,346 


Anderson 


55,410 


Atcliison 


225,198 


Barber 


136,719 


Barton 


1,882.176 


Bourbon 


39,637 


Brown 


366,630 


Butler 


210,760 


Chase 


64,624 


Chautauqua 


213,334 


Cherokee 


181 248 


Cheyenne 


14,172 


Clark 


7,416 


Clay 


451,044 


Cloud 


598,250 


Coffee 


207,204 


Comanche 


11,344 


Cowley 


934,040 
260,469 


Crawford 


I'ecatur .. 


276,448 


Dickinson 


1,292,832 


Doniphan 


245,273 




354,276 


Edwards 


285,864 


Elk 


136,784 


Ellis 


1,188,496 


Ellsworth 


870.152 


Finney 


4,875 


Ford 


. 177,648 


Franklin 


86,218 


Geary . 


255,104 


Gove 


45,568 


Graham 


252,096 


Grant 




Gray 


22,624 


Greeley 


5,660 


Greenwood 


43,996 


Hamilton 


3,276 


Harper 


863,520 


H arvev 


996,504 


Haskell 


9,972 


Hodgeman 


101,420 




45,825 


Jefferson 


180,050 


Jewell 


608,010 


Johnson 


305,952 


Kearnv 


5,677 


Kingman 


547,008 


Kiowa 


66.490 


Labette 


605,709 


Lane 


99,092 



140 
"390 



1,425 
"744 



^9,482 

""eob 



80 

123,738 

270 

9,141 



2,149 



795 
280 



7.93f^ 
7,986 



3,515 
1.424 



365 
1,225 



240 

597 



1,482 



720 
120 



15,592 



1,664,989 


95,697 


2,145 


2,140,028 


65,420 


4,977 


2,747,506 


369.434 


2,618 


865,760 


33 320 


7,865 


1,250,054 


69,450 


50,472 


2,357,894 


211,228 


912 


5,480,930 


712,684 


5,603 


5,597,140 


'582,900 


7,798 


1,442,280 


60,312 


1,377 


1,543,584 


82,380 


160 


1,663,179 


525,288 


21 


151,956 


21,456 


4,196 


48,425 


3,348 


5,544 


4,749,417 


1.095.750 


29,818 


5,958,975 


931,887 


15,288 


3,231,124 


117,243 


8,658 


142,325 


1,100 


2.730 


3,507,867 


571,795 


6,494 


2,212,670 


800,415 


2,184 


2,429,232 


52,.368 


46,398 


4,034,221 


810,696 


46,455 


3,302,800 


435,204 


2,490 


2,430,679 


137,160 


9,945 


485,904 


72,981 


23,070 


1,583,000 


19,620 


1,674 


230,621 


35.310 


15,344 


1,626.510 


19,110 


11,340 


6,951 


4,875 


316 


185,817 


126,600 


9,056 


2,848,392 


71.148 


2,424 


1.457,775 


145,380 


4,048 


108,756 


19,2.50 


1,692 


800,640 


20,904 


51,240 


2,210 






19,866 


8,892 


1,008 


8,016 


450 


348 


4,099,552 


24,775 


980 


1,496 


1,125 


196 


1,642,221 


325,856 


20.943 


2,419.808 


649,192 


19,560 


12.189 


3,906 


329 


72,257 


15,678 


15.470 


4.575,507 


179,400 


4,785 


3,235,680- 


306,944 


4,668 


8,393,819 


805.688 


40.885 


2,262,560 


327.0r^0 


2,067 


8,646 


3,920 


40 


2,092,146 


172,062 


32,484 


218,220 


8.064 


16,836 


1,891,750 


914.144 


945 


23,834 


9,361 


5.229 



899 

12,330 

250,016 



9,599 



200 

40.984 

21,315 

1,116 

774 

160 

1,675 

360 

'47,'446 
12,331 
19,710 
40 
93,908 

"ili',758 

6,zl0 

29.510 

73,524 

273 

21,930 

123,192 

280 

76.713 

9,711 

""1,005 
42,174 
576 
38.115 
93,709 

360 

1,540 

1,800 

4.524 

54,350 

78,795 



139,160 



146 



KANSAS. 



CROP REPORTS— Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



Winter 
Wheat, 



Bushels. 



Spring 
Wheat, 



Bushels. 



Corn. 



Oats. 



Rye. 



Baklev, 



Bushels. 



Bushels. 



Bushels. Bushels, 



Leavenworth., 

Lincoln 

Linn 

Logan 

Lyon , 

Marion 

Marshall 

McPherson 

Meade 

Miami 

Mitchell 

Montgomery ., 

Morris 

Morton 

Nemaha 

Neosho 

Ness 

Norton 

Osage 

Osborne 

Ottawa 

Pawnee 

Phillips 

Pottawatomie , 

Pratt 

Rawlins 

Reno 

Republic 

Rice 

Riley 

Rooks 

Rush 

Russell 

Saline 

Scott 

Sedgwick 

Seward 

Shawnee 

Sheridan 

Sherman 

Smith 

Stafford 

Stanton 

Stevens 

Sumner 

Thomas 

Trego 

Wabaunsee 

Wallace 

Washington.... 

Wichita 

Wilson 

Woodson 

Wyandotte 



Totals 



315,293 

1,272,804 

121,433 

176,370 

72,527 

1,091,123 

576,774 

1,741,800 

20,452 

110,760 

1,251,844 

740,784 

26,535 

2,790 

12^,898 

302,640 

396,630 

243,020 

65,744 

1,035,342 

920,940 

557,368 

382,520 

99,134 

519,440 

230,640 

1,331,517 

251,856 

1,298,520 

73,200 

771,768 

952 808 

1,168,524 

1,254,000 

16,848 

1,159,776 

2,160 

54,145 

374,870 

50,696 

651,440 

1,123,848 

750 

426 

2,350,912 

369,990 

247,248 

99,192 

7,304 

373,800 

41,7.56 

265,120 

51,420 

145,504 



30 
28.065 



583 

'""is 



314 
450 



13,800 

79,080 

100 

690 

" "972 
15,218 



116,980 
240 
348 
120 



425 
2,624 
1,125 

5,404 



105 



82,074 

118,374 

2,466 

240 



40' 

124,602 

5,425 



2,526 

90 

7,924 

520 



1,991,640 
1,843,994 
2,459,160 
53,44;^ 
3,964,740 
3,815,136 
8,497,467 
2,935,224 
22,890 
3,008,512 
3,041,714 
1,732,774 
S,090,158 
3,860 
6,788,287 
2,231,328 

133,872 
2,549,059 
5,019,894 
2,044,119 
2,112,182 

302 688 
3,986,705 
5,105,880 
1,221,675 

322,728 
6,393,744 
6,514,061 
2,654,829 
3,301,865 

638,690 

274,760 
1,057,160 
1,726,256 
13,260 
5,603,902 
1,953 
3,754,048 

609,480 

161,735 

3,875,335 

2,272,950 

636 

8,140 

3,727,341 

384,180 

80,514 

3,890,530 

30,450 

5,862,656 

48,286 

1,948,180 

1,338.500 

463,785 



42,815,471 



871,542 225,183,43:; 



186,720 

46,168 

127,581 

25,260 

46,800 

1,230,306 

1,0.50,478 

618,828 

4,200 

298,845 

184.730 

415,360 

119,580 

1,148 

590,798 

559,584 

18,612 

77,430 

80,409 

41,811 

119,907 

75,069 

159,480 

235,350 

95,323 

21,240 

450,957 

914,631 

163,896 

423,171 

71,500 

74,715 

47,008 

158,875 

10,262 

1,595,772 

1,032 

80,800 

54,770 

32,160 

390,126 

62,181 

192 

2,272 

1,245,560 

79,692 

30,789 

58,800 

1,950 

1,366,372 

2,108 

123,602 

48,939 

45.353 



2,511 

14,02.5 

9,580 

8,322 

1,258 

107,355 

7,140 

33,276 

2,212 

1,596 

37,050 

5,040 

6,945 

390 

8,274 

5,610 

28.848 

70,031 

1,560 

66,036 

38,505 

25,888 

68,783 

3,708 

30,536 

35,630 

93,483 

28,305 

30,110 

7,125 

125,370 

13,134 

25,920 

35,760 

501 

42,360 

245 

574 

14,003 

3,096 

48,756 

25,480 

370 

"3L935 

17,163 

17,433 

286 

824 

13,039 

636 

5,148 

1,980 

136 



1,754,406 



1,540 
106.740 



15,432 

153 

2,052 

43,570 

60 

1,375 

100 

143 

2,340 

777 

"227^634 
24,880 

" '37','446 

1,260 

186,452 

35,644 

560 

.'.68,363 

40,195 

16,337 

216 

32,220 

882 

172,650 

157,695 

88,113 

1,920 

26,508 

4,302 

6,006 

80 

59,000 

44,296 

5,040 

20,631 

450 

1,716 

55,309 

139,860 

126,373 

""7',890 
11,543 
55,032 



3.352,845 



KANSAS 



147 



LIVE-STOCK STATISTICS. 
Table showing the number and value of various kinds of live stock for 1899. 



Counties. 



Horses. 



Mules and asses. 



Number. Value. | Number., Value. 



Milch COW! 



Number. Value. 



Allen 

Anderson 

Atchison 

Barber 

Barton 

Bourbon 

Brown 

Butler 

Chase 

Chautauqua - 

Cherokee 

Cheyenne 

Clark 

Clav 

Cloud 

Coffey 

Comanche 

Cowley 

Crawford 

Decatur 

Dickinson 

Doniphan 

Douglas 

Edwards 

Elk 

Ellis 

Ellsworth 

Finney 

Ford 

Franklin 

Geary 

Gove 

Graham 

Grant 

Gray 

Greeley 

Greenwood... 

Hamilton 

Harper. 

Harvey 

Haskell 

Hodgeman 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jewell 

Johnson 

Kearny 

Kingman 

Kiowa 

Labette 

Lane 

Leavenworth. 

Lincoln 

Linn 

Logan 

Lyon 

Marion. 

Marshall 

McPherson .... 

Meade 

Miami 

Mitchell 



8,726 

8.701 

6,245 

5,233 

9,699 

10,602 

10,594 

14,444 

4.906 

7,310 

8,757 

3,505 

2,336 

9,130 

11,095 

10,814 

1,717 

16,081 

9,017 

7,303 

14.794 

7,010 

9,913 

3 113 

8,730 

6,705 

6.817 

3,044 

3.572 

8.368 

4.905 

3,362 

4.570 

1,117 

1.806 

585 

11,228 

1,286 

7,023 

9,182 

735 

2,683 

10.234 

9,795 

15.400 

7.887 

1,426 . 

8,483 

2,704 

10,647 

2,472 

8,981 

7.902 

9,861 

2,631 

11,025 

10.517 

13,107 

14,191 

2,793 

9,551 

10.097 



$349,040 
365,442 
287,270 
188,388 
397,659 
466,488 
455,542 
577,760 
201,146 
292,400 
385,308 
112,160 

70,080 
392,590 
443.800 
443,374 

54,944 
643,240 
369,697 
255,605 
621,348 
322,460 
437.492 
112,068 
331,740 
254,790 
286,314 

94,364 
125,020 
334,720 
196,200 

94.136 
1S2,800 

33,510 

57.792 

18,720 
437,892 

43,724 
309,012 
394.826 

23,520 

75,124 
399,126 
372.210 
600,600 
347,028 

45,632 
322,354 
100,048 
447,174 

81.576 
359,240 
284,472 
394,440 

89,454 
429,975 
473,265 
589,815 
(i.52,786 

97,755 
429,795 
374.395 



1,103 

1,301 

1,241 

915 

1,431 

1,209 

1,736 

1,867 

459 

1,192 

1,439 

176 

157 

638 

972 

1,204 

240 

1,886 

1,318 

562 

858 

1,830 

936 

289 

1,439 

323 

669 

316 

238 

742 

224 

173 

287 

27 

110 

43 

1,554 

104 

1,307 

792 

47 

129 

1,163 

1,259 

2,080 

1.137 

88 

1,249 

429 

1,537 

229 

1,574 

774 

1,158 

249 

1,213 

461 

1,513 

1,052 

162 

948 

1,129 



$50,738 

65,050 

63,291 

35,685 

65,826 

60,450 

86,800 

69,079 

22,950 

54 832 

80,584 

7,392 

5,495 

31,900 

48,600 

60,200 

7,200 

84,870 

60,628 

23,042 

36,036 

95,160 

46,800 

11,560 

69,072 

14,212 

36,126 

12,640 

10,472 

33,390 

8.960 

5,882 

12,341 

945 

4,180 

1,634 

66,822 

4,368 

69,271 

35,640 

2,162 

4,128 

58,150 

61,691 

101,920 

57,987 

3,432 

57,454 

16,302 

81,461 

10,076 

94,440 

.32,508 

55.584 

10.458 

60.650 

24,433 

78.676 

55,750 

4,536 

51,192 

48.547 



7.813 

8,876 

7,338 

3,263 

8,101 

8.121 

8,910 

12,380 

2,410 

8,459 

6,523 

2.029 

943 

9,509 

9,819 

10.361 

1,837 

12.295 

6.935 

4..396 

14,948 

5,980 

9,.321 

2,661 

8,393 

2,795 

4,934 

1,566 

3,048 

9,025 

5,806 

1,631 

2,993 

591 

1,117 

625 

11,252 

1,214 

4,573 

8,670 

781 

1,846 

9,241 

10,505 

10,059 

11,856 

700 

8,091 

1,387 

9,545 

1.325 

9.382 

7,563 

8,202 

1,308 

12,334 

13,085 

12.617 

n.899 

976 

9,257 



$2.50,016 
275,156 
249,492 

97,890 
267,333 
284,235 
338,580 
896,160 

84.350 
2.53,770 
202,213 

75,073 

25,461 
323,306 
324,027 
341,913 

55.110 
368,850 
208,050 
136,276 
508,232 
217,930 
298,272 

85,152 
251,790 

83,850 
167.756 

48,546 

97,536 
288,800 
191,598 

48.930 

92,783 

17.730 

35,744 

20,000 
371.316 

36,420 
146,336 
277,440 

23,520 

59,072 
314,194 
325,655 
331,947 
403,104 

23.100 
267,003 

45.771 
305,440 

42.400 
300.224 
234,453 
278.868 

41,8.56 
419.356 
405,635 
428,97S 
.392.667 

30,2.56 
305.481 
310.176 



148 



KANSAS, 



LIVE-STOCK statistics-Continued. 



Horses. 



Counties. 



Mules and asses. 



Milch co'.vs. 



Number. Value. 



Number. Value. 



Number. Value. 



Montgomery.. 

Morris 

Morton 

Nemaha 

Neosho 

Ness 

Norton 

Osage 

Osborne 

Ottawa 

Pawnee 

Phillips 

Pottawatomie 

Pratt 

Rawlins 

Reno 

Republic 

Rice 

Riley 

Rooks 

Rush 

Russell 

Saline 

Scott 

Sedgwick 

Seward 

Shawnee 

Sheridan 

Sherman 

Smith 

StafTord 

Stanton 

Stevens 

Sumner 

Thomas 

Trego 

Wabaunsee 

Wallace 

Washington .. 

Wichita 

Wilson 

Woodson 

Wyandotte. 

Totals 



11,088 

7,504 

494 

12,942 

10.248 
6,284 
9,888 

12,345 

10,471 
8,782 
5,297 

10.669 

11,599 
5,427 
6,408 

15,W6 

13,040 

10,656 
7,645 
7,435 
5,852 
6,832 

10,603 
2,457 

20,674 
674 

13,180 
3,829 
3,151 

12,939 

8,466 

538 

743 

16,428 
4,268 
2,955 
9,101 
1,580 

13,008 
1,769 
8,516 
5,400 



796,866 



$421,344 
322,672 

12,350 
543,564 
389,424 
207,372 
346,080 
469,110 
418,840 
403,972 
201,286 
405,422 
463,960 
190,799 
205,056 
717,-570 
599,840 
468,864 
290,510 
260,225 
228,228 
286,944 
434,723 

90,909 
930,330 

23,590 
566,740 
114,870 
110,285 
517,560 
330,174 

12,374 

18,575 
706,404 
136,576 
106,380 
364,040 

44,240 
546,336 

61,915 
332,124 
210,600 
105,520 



$32,048,342 



1.765 
569 
108 

1,244 

1,362 
387 
778 
815 
967 

1,023 
428 

1,196 
934 
802 
251 

2,284 

1,591 

1,327 
594 
553 
381 
461 
730 
127 

2,082 

71 

938 

263 

196 

1.525 

1,615 
27 
96 

2.612 

504 

210 

620 

54 

1,088 
1.38 

1,170 
598 
477 



87,838 



1 77,660 
29,588 

3.780 
59,712 
64,014 
16,254 
34,232 
38,305 
48,350 
55,142 
17,976 
52,624 
49,502 
38,496 

8,785 
114,200 
85,914 
74,312 
29,106 
23,226 
16,383 
24,433 
34,310 

5,461 
112.428 

2,769 
40,334 

9,135 

7,056 

74,725 

79,135 

675 

3,072 

143,660 

17,136 

7,980 
27,900 

1.890 
53,312 

4,830 
54,990 
29.900 
23,850 



$4,208,208 



8.995 

7,149 

271 

11,307 
9,616 
4,843 
5,024 

14,356 
8,630 
7,349 
3,697 
7,688 

14,552 
3,579 
3,171 

13,810 
9,681 
7,160 
9,214 
4,741 
3,916 
5,737 
8,515 
1,386 

14,259 
288 

10,930 
2,301 
3,049 
9,318 
6,115 
464 
571 

10,080 
3,012 
1,596 

10.897 
854 

14,015 
857 
8,984 
6,790 
2,388 



684.182 



$278,845 
228,768 
8,401 
373.131 
298,096 
154,976 
170,816 
473,748 
276,160 
220,470 
118,304 
246,016 
509,320 
114.528 
110,985 
455,730 
338,835 
236.280 
322,490 
151,712 
129.228 
200,795 
306,540 

44.352 

470.547 

9,504 

360,690 

69,030 

94.519 
288,858 
195,680 

14,415 

17,701 
322,560 

99,396 

51,072 
381,395 

30,744 
462,495 

27,424 
278,504 
230,860 

83,580 



$22,390,078 



KANSAS. 



149 



LIVE-STOCK STATISTICS —Continued. 



Counties. 



Allen 

Anderson 

Atchison 

Barber 

Barton 

Bourbon 

Brown 

Butler 

Chase 

Chautauqua... 

Cherokee 

Cheyenne 

Clark 

Clay 

Cloud 

Coffey 

Comanche •.• 

Cowley 

Crawford 

Decatur 

Dickinson 

Doniphan 

Douglas 

Edwards 

Elk 

Ellis 

Ellsworth 

Finney 

Ford 

Franklin 

rteary 

Gove 

Graham 

Grant 

Gray 

Greeley 

Greenwood.... 

Hamilton 

Harper 

Harvey 

Haskell 

Hodgeman .... 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jewell 

Johnson 

Kearny 

Kingman 

Kiowa 

Labette 

Lane 

Leavenworth 

Lincoln 

Linn 

Logan 

Lyon 

Marion 

Marshall 

McPherson.... 

Meade 

Miami 

Mitchell 

Montgomery . 
Morris 



Other cattle. 



Sheep. 



Number. 



18,46,5 
20.300 
11.689 
6-5,806 
16,873 
16,261 
18,828 
59,610 
25,870 
26,664 
10,950 

5,297 
39,928 
23,473 
27,037 
27,969 
16,412 
56,829 
13,644 
16,806 
43,782 
10,350 
15.610 
10,920 
32,.389 

9,469 
32,429 
18,829 
17,629 
21,515 
19.777 
13,483 
10.057 

5,408 

9,146 

1,904 
69,177 

9,434 
19,848 
19,444 

3,520 

9,924 
21,328 
21,803 
33,260 
15,998 

6,862 
28,490 
15,448 
13.118 

5,927 
16,703 
26,281 
16,393 

7,434 
46,250 
35.867 
33,000 
33,124 
24,-525 
23,522 
24,325 
15,1.52 
40.565 



I 
Value. I Number, 



$ 480,090 
527,800 
327,292 

1,710,956 
438,698 
455,308 
508,356 

1,967,130 
7-50,230 
693,264 
262,800 
1-58,910 

1.038,128 
586,825 
648,888 
811,101 
492,360 

1,534,883 
341,100 
4.53,762 

1,050.768 
269,100 
3,59,720 
262,080 
809,725 
227,2,56 
908,012 
508,383 
423,096 
645,450 
593,310 
377,524 
281,596 
151,424 
256,088 
51,408 

2,213,664 
264,1.52 
516,048 
505,544 
98,,560 
287,796 
639,840 
632,287 
898,020 
447,944 
192,136 
797,720 
447,992 
327,9,50 
160,029 
434,278 
7,35,868 
426,218 
200,718 

1,387.500 

1,004,276 
957,000 
927,472 
,588,600 
6-58,616 
681,100 
393,9,52 

1,095,255 



1,013 

140 

3,021 

46 

408 

1,854 

9,266 

1,381 

20 

1,057 

708 

575 

3-50 

510 

1,326 

3,793 

2,816 

1,9,57 

1,094 

319 

592 

1,450 

65 



131 

154 

6,889 

1,187 

2,240 

610 

1,894 

583 

946 

1 

1,218 

666 

5 

73 

1,576 

1,280 

6,.506 

1,414 

611 

103 

5,203 

3,182 

3,9-52 

13 

880 



2,093 
2 
2,058 
3,958 
1.978 

598 
6,491 

447 
4,755 
2,797 
3,420 

587 
8 



Value. 



Swine. 



Number. 



$ 2,205 
3,039 

490 
9,063 

138 
1„326 
5,562 
30,115 
4,834 
60 
3,435 
1,-593 
1,438 
1,138 
1,785 
4,974 
9,483 
7,744 
5,871 
■ 2.188 

957 
1,480 
5,075 

211 



262 

385 

22,389 

4,1-54 

7,280 

1,-525 

5,682 

1,166 

2,601 

3 

3,348 

1,998 

15 

219 

5,028 

3„520 

14,6.39 

4,, 595 

1,986 

361 

15,609 

9,546 

10,868 

32 

2,640 



6,802 
7 

7.203 
11,874 

6.428 

2.093 
21,096 

1,230 
13,077 
11,188 
11,970 

1,761 
28 



25,853 
28,645 
23 322 
"7! 252 

6,1,54 
27,266 
46,479 
56,266 
15,221 
25.742 
16,768 

4,334 
480 
35.517 
47,704 
32,026 
801 
40,896 
20,734 
36,126 
35,425 
30,679 
33,204 

3,789 
31,776 

3,387 

8,045 

2,442 

2,,580 
32,0.56 
15,378 

1,724 

12,222 

71 

617 

109 

38,967 

340 

13„594 

20,814 

234 

695 

32,116 

38,548 

82,670 

29,541 

1,395 
18,847 

2,174 

23,038 

869 

27,641 

9,978 
33,,521 

1,114 
27,817 
25,434 
58,595 
29,718 
9.30 
50,697 
29,094 
33,631 
20.426 



150 



KANSAS. 



LIVE-STOCK STATISTICS— Continued. 



COITNTIES. 



Other cattle. 



Sheep. 



Number. 



Value, I Number. 

I 



Value. 



Swine. 



Number. 



Value. 



Morton 

Nemaha 

Neosho 

Ness 

Norton 

Osage 

Osborne 

Ottawa 

Pawnee 

Phillips 

Pottawatomie 

Pratt 

Rawlins 

Reno 

Republic 

Rice 

Riley 

Rooks 

Rush 

Russell 

Saline 

Scott 

Sedgwick 

Seward 

Shawnee 

Sheridan 

Sherman 

Smith 

Stafford 

Stanton.. 

Stevens 

Sumner 

Thomas 

Trego 

Wabaunsee ... 

Wallace 

Washington... 

Wichita 

Wilson 

Woodson 

Wyandotte 

Total 



7.611 
.30,161 
16,329 
15,059 
17,110 
40.718 
33,736 
31,841 

9,681 
22.055 
43,587 
10,191 

7.515 
46.250 
23.995 
22,.380 
32,701 
11,939 

8,334 
23,0.50 
25,550 

3,940 
33,888 

8,370 
23,992 
11.222 

5!818 
23.248 
16,400 

3.037 

6,623 
24,816 

7,657 

9,931 
37,883 

6,752 
31,072 

3,131 
20,542 
12.865 

2,746 



2,201,886 



$ 197.886 
874.669 
440,883 
406,593 
444,860 

1,302,976 
877,136 
955,230 
280,749 
551,375 

1,220,436 
264,966 
202,905 

1.156,250 
647,865 
581,880 

1,013,731 
310,414 
216,684 
7 14,. 550 
792,0.50 
106,387 
881,088 
225,990 
695,768 
291,772 
151,268 
604,448 
393.600 
75.925 
152,329 
570,768 
183,768 
287,999 

1.174,373 
189.056 
838,944 
68,882 
534,092 
373.085 
68,650 



250 


$ 625 


998 


2,994 


182 


499 


6,302 


20,481 


2,257 


6,206 


32 


96 


25 


75 


547 


1,915 


235 


588 


2,069 


6,207 


1,080 


2,970 


217 


434 


40..509 


111,399 


61 


168 


59 


148 


4,072 


12,216 


379 


1,232 



1.56 

791 

298 

1.521 

12,857 



448 

2,112 

354 

696 

11,9.50 

1,855 

60 

1,169 

131 

3,050 

18,508 

8,126 

242 

1,672 

86 

1.142 

436 



507 
2,967 

969 

3,752 

35,356 



1,344 

4,224 

1,150 

2,436 

29,875 

5,102 

240 

3,214 

360 

9,150 

55,524 

24,378 

726 

4,.598 

301 

3,426 

1,308 



$60,605,136 



232,039 I $677,972 



56 
57.985 
24,395 

2,352 
45,9.52 
43,407 
31,097 
14,.567 

2,798 
63.746 
58.131 

8.992 
13,716 
61,149 
64,457 
22,473 
38.683 
14,844 

3,149 

5,614 
11,881 
530 
55,211 
272 
32,052 
11,482 

3,081 

73,916 

13,874 

108 

213 

28,951 

6,173 

2.660 
26,907 
322 
68.141 
605 
44,332 
13,0.30 



2,340,992 



5 224 

347,910 

128,074 

11,172 

264.224 

227.887 

155,485 

91.044 

13.990 

318,7.30 

834 2,54 

40,464 

82,296 

321.032 

338.399 

129,220 

232,098 

81,649 

15,745 

28,070 

74.2.50 

1,8.55 

317,4.53 

1,360 

192,312 

34.446 

16,175 

406.53S 

65,901 

486 

90.5 

159,230 

35,49'. 

13,300 

134,535 

1,851 

408,84*^ 

1.966 

243.826 

65.1.50 

33,880 



$13.127,3.56 



t-BJa^08 



' ^' 




Th^Colorado 
Short Line 

VIA PUEBLO. 

50LID TRAINS 



EQUIPPED WITH 

Reclininq CiiAiR Car5 (Seats Free,) 

PcjLLMAri BurrET Sleefinq Gars, 
AUB Eleqant Day Goache5, 

LEAVING S"r, l_0 U I S "^A'LY 

AND RUN ■ 



THROUGH VIA KANSAS CITY, 



-TO 



PUEBLO, COLORADO SPRINGS AND DENVER, 
With Direct Connections for 

OGDEN, SALT LAKE CITY AND 
PACIFIC COAST POINTS. 

CHOICE OF TWO ROUTES 



THE 



ZINC K LEAD 



DISTRICT OF SOUTHEAST 




1 



IS REACHED DIRECT BY THE 



Missouri Pacific Railway 



FROM 



St. Louis or Kansas City. 



Ask Representative for a pamphlet -^ ^ 

on Zinc and Lead or write, 

H. C. TOWNSEND, 

Gen'I Poss^r & Tkt. Agent, ' 

ST> LOUIS, MO. 



Kansas. 




Fifteenth Edition. 

February 18, 1901. 




THE FAST MAIL ROUTE 



...TO... 






J Q Daily Trains J Q 



BETWEEN 



St Louis ™ Kansas City. 

EQUIPMENT: 

PULLMAN COMPARTMENT SLEEPING CARS, 
PULLMAN BUFFET SLEEPING CARS, 
PULLMAN BUFFET PARLOR CARS, 
RECLINING CHAIR CARS (seats free), 

DAY COACHES (Wah Comfortible High Back Seats) 
REACH, WITHOUT CHANGE, 

ALL POINTS IN KANSAS. 



VALUABLE ASSISTANCE. 

^ 

The following Traveling and Passenger Agents of the MISSOURI PACIFIC RAIL- 
WAY and IRON MOUNTAIN ROUTE are constantly looking after the interests of the 
Line, and will call upon parties contemplating a trip and cheerfully furnish them 
lowest Riites of Fare, Land Pamphlets, Maps, Guides. Time Tables, etc. 
Or they may be addressed as follows : 

ATCHISON, KAN.— C. E. Styles Passenger and Ticket Agent. 

AUSTIN, TEX.— J. C. Lewis TravelingPassenger Agent. 

BOSTON. MASS.— Louis W. EwALD New England Pass'r Agent, 192 Washington St. 

CAIRO, ILL.— C. G. Miller .'. City Ticket Agent, 309 Ohio Levee. 

I. P. Spinning Ticket Agent. Union Depot^ 

CHATTANOOGA, TENN.— I. E. Rehlander Traveling Pass'r Agent, 16 East 8th St. 

CHICAGO, ILL.— BissELL Wilson District Passenger Agent, 111 Adams St. 

CINCINNATI, OHIO— .\. A. Gallagher, District Pass'r Agt., 408 Vine St, bet. Fourth, 
and Fifth Sts. 
T. A. Wilkinson, Trav. Pass'r and Land Agt., 408 Vine St., bet. 
Fourth and Fifth Streets. 
DENVER COLO.— C. A. TRiPP..Gen'I Western Frt. and Pass'r Agt., cor. 17th & Stout Sts. 

E. E. Hoffman Traveling Passenger Agent. 

DETROIT, MICH.— H. D. Armstrong Traveling Pass'r Agt., 32 Campus Martins. 

FT. SCOTT, KAN.— I.R. Sherwin Passenger and Ticket Agent. 

HOT SPRINGS, ARK.— J. S.Reamey Ticket Agent. 

INDIANAPOLIS, IND.— G. A. A. Deane, Jr Traveling Pass'r Agent, Room 16 Clay- 

poole Building, cor. Washington and Illinois Sts. 

KANSAS CITY, MO.— E. S. Jewett Passenger and Ticket Agent, 901 Main St. 

J.H. LvoN Western Passenger Agent, 901 Main St. 

J. F. Etter Passenger and Assistant Ticket Agt., 901 Main St. 

P.C.Lyon Traveling Passenger Agent. 

Tom Hughes City Passenger Agent, Union Depot. 

LEAVENWORTH. KAN.— J. N. Joerger Passenger and Ticket Agent. 

LINCOLN, NEB.— F. D. CoRNELi Passenger and Ticket Agent, 1039 O St. and Depot. 

LITTLE ROCK, ARK.— J. A. HoLLiNGER Passenger and Ticket Agent. 

LOUISVILLE, KY.— R. T. G. Matthews Traveling Passenger Agent, Room 36, Ameri- 
can Nationa'' Bank Building. 

MEMPHIS, TENN.— H. D. Wilson Pass'r and Ticket Agt., 314 Main St., (cor. Monroe). 

Ellis Farnsworth, Trav, Pass'r Agent, 314 Main St., (cor. Monroe). 

MEXICO CITY, MEX.— H. C. DiNKiNS General Agent, Hotel Coliseo. 

NEW YORK CITY— W. E. HovT General Eastern Passenger Agent, 391 Broadway. 

J. P. McCann Traveling Passenger Agent, 391 Broadway. 

OMAHA. NEB.— Thos. F. GoDFREY-.Pass'r and Tkt. Agt., S. E. cor. 14th and Douglas Sts. 

W. C. Barnes Trav. Pass'r Agent, S. E. cor. 14th and Douglas Sts. 

J. K. Chambers Ticket Agent, Union Passenger Station. 

PITTSBURG, PA.— John R. James Central Pass'r Agt., Room 905 Park Building, 

Fifth Ave. and Smithtield Street. 

PUEBLO, COLO.— Wm. Hogg Passenger and Ticket Agent. 

ST. JOSEPH, MO.— Benton Quick... Passenger and Ticket Agent, S. E.cor.6th&Edmond. 

ST. LOUIS, MO.— B. H. Payne Assistant General Passenger and Ticket Agent. 

H. F. BERKLEY..City Pass'r & Tkt. Agt., N.W. cor. Broad'y and Olive St 

W. H. Morton Passenger Agent, Room 402, Union Station. 

A. V. Brigham Traveling Passenger Agent for Arkansas. 

SALT LAKECITY.UTAH— H. B. KOOSER Com. Freight ct Passenger Agt. . 

Nos. 105 and 107 West Second St. (South). 

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.— L. M. Fletcher Pacific Coast Agent, 212 California St. 

E.J. Waugh... Trav. Pass'r Agent, 212 California St. 

SEDALIA, MO.— J. W. McClain Passenger and Ticket Agent. 

TEXARKANA, ARK.— P. E. Baer Ticket Agent. 

WICHITA, KAN.— E. E. Bleckley Pass'r & Tkt. Agent. Cor. Douglas & Wichita Sts. 

C.G.WARNER, RUSSELL HARDING, 

2d Vice-President, 3d Vice-Pres't and Gen'l Manager. 

H. C. TOWNSEND, 

General Passenger and Ticket Agent, 

St. Louis, Mo. 




-AIND- 



Iron 
Mountain 

maum^ ROUTE, 

aTtTe great southwest system. 

CONNECTING THE COMMERCIAL CENTRES AND RICH FARMS OF 

MISSOURI, 

THE BROAD CORN AND WHEAT FIELDS AND THRIVING TOWNS 01 

KKNSHS, 

THE FERTILE RIVER VALLEYS AND TRADE CENTRES OF 

NEBRHSKH, 

THE GRAND. PICTURESQUE AND ENCHANTING SCENERY, AND 
THE FAMOUS MINING DISTRICTS OP 

COLORADO, 

THE AGRICULTURAL. FRUIT. MINERAL AND TIMBER LANDS. AND 
FAMOUS HOT SPRINGS OF 

HRKKNSKS, 

THE BEAUTIFUL ROLLING PRAIRIES AND WOODLANDS OP THE 

INDIHN TERRITORY. 

THE SUGAR, COTTON AND TIMBER PLANTATIONS OP 

LOUISIHNH, 

THE COTTON AND GRAIN FIELDS. THE CATTLE RANGES AND 
WINTER RESORTS OF 

TEXHS, 

HISTORICAL AND SG1SNIC 

OLD HND NEM MEXICO, 

AND FORMS WITH ITS CONNECTIONS THE POPULAR ROUTE TO 

KRIZONK HND CHLIFORNIT^. 



1 



